Objective: We have previously demonstrated the in vivo importance of the Akt-eNOS substratekinase relationship, as defective postnatal angiogenesis characteristic of global Akt1-null mice is rescued when bred to gain-of-function eNOS S1176D mutant mice. While multiple studies support the cardioprotective role of endothelial NO generation, the causal role of Akt1-dependent eNOS S1176 phosphorylation during atherosclerotic plaque formation is not yet clear. Approach & Results: We herein bred congenic loss-of-function eNOS S1176A and gain-of function eNOS S1176D mutant mice to the proatherogenic Akt1-/-; ApoE-/- double knockout mice to definitively test the importance of Akt-mediated eNOS S1176 phosphorylation during atherogenesis. We find that a single amino acid substitution at the eNOS S1176 phosphorylation site yields divergent effects on atherosclerotic plaque formation, as an eNOS phospho-mimic aspartate (D) substitution at S1176 leads to decreased indices of atherosclerosis, even when on a proatherogenic Akt1 global deletion background. Conversely, mice harboring an unphosphorylatable mutation to alanine (S1176A) result in increased lipid deposition and cellular apoptosis, phenocopying the physiological consequence of eNOS deletion and/or impaired enzyme function. Furthermore, gene expression analyses of whole aortas indicate a combinatorial detriment from NO deficiency and Western Diet challenge, as loss-of-function eNOS SA mice on a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet present a unique expression pattern indicative of augmented T-cell activity when compared to eNOS S1176D mice. Conclusions: By using genetic epistasis approaches, we conclusively demonstrate that Akt mediated eNOS S1176 phosphorylation and subsequent activation remains to be the most physiologically relevant method of NO production to promote cardioprotective effects.
Protective role of parnaparin in reducing systemic inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice
