Background:
Endothelial progenitors migrate early during embryogenesis to form the primary vascular plexus. ETV2, an Ets-transcription factor, governs the specification of the earliest hemato-endothelial progenitors during embryogenesis. The regulatory mechanisms that govern their migration are undefined. In the present study, we describe a novel role for ETV2 in cell migration and provide evidence for an ETV2
-Rhoj
network as a mechanism responsible for this process.
Approach and Results:
We analyzed our RNAseq datasets, which revealed robust enrichment of migratory/motility pathways following overexpression of ETV2 during mesodermal differentiation. We then analyzed ETV2 ChIPseq and ATACseq datasets, which showed enrichment of ChIPseq peaks with increased chromatin accessibility in migratory genes following overexpression of ETV2. Additionally, scratch and sprouting assays showed that overexpression of ETV2 enhanced cell migration in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), embryoid bodies (EBs) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Knockout of
Etv2
led to migratory defects of
Etv2-EYFP
+
angioblasts to their pre-defined regions of developing embryos relative to wildtype controls at embryonic day (E) 8.5, supporting its role during migration. Mechanistically, we showed that ETV2 binds to the promoter region of
Rhoj
serving as an upstream regulator of cell migration. Single cell RNAseq analysis of
Etv2-EYFP
+
sorted cells revealed co-expression of
Etv2
and
Rhoj
in endothelial progenitors at E7.75 and E8.25. Overexpression of ETV2 led to a robust increase in
Rhoj
in both EBs and MEFs, whereas, its expression was abolished in the
Etv2
knockout EBs. Finally, shRNA-mediated knockdown of
Rhoj
resulted in migratory defects which were rescued by overexpression of ETV2.
Conclusions:
These results define an ETV2
-Rhoj
cascade, which is important for the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell migration during embryogenesis.
Metformin inhibits endothelial progenitor cell migration by decreasing matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, via the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway
