Because inflammatory processes may promote the development of atherosclerosis, we examined the activation of cytokine genes in rat vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro after treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA increased in response to LPS. Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) presumably results in NF-κB binding to regulatory regions of target genes and activating transcription. We therefore compared the kinetics of NF-κB activation, cytokine message production, and TNF-α secretion. Maximum active NF-κB was found at 30 min after the addition of LPS and decreased thereafter. Increased IL-6 mRNA was detected at 30 min, increased TNF-α mRNA at 60 min, and increased IL-1 mRNA at 120 min. Secretion of TNF-α was dependent on LPS concentration and was first detected 120 min after LPS addition. Aspirin, which has been shown to inhibit NF-κB activation and cytokine secretion in other cell types, did not inhibit NF-κB activation or TNF-α secretion. However, aspirin reduced the amount of both TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA present 30 min after LPS addition by half ( P < 0.05).
Pravastatin inhibits fibrinogen- and FDP-induced inflammatory response via reducing the production of IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells
