Effects of the Gaze Fixation Position on AS-OCT Measurements of the Limbus and Extraocular Muscle Insertion Site Distance

Adapting hand movements to changes in our body or the environment is essential for skilled motor behavior. Although eye movements are known to assist hand movement control, how eye movements might contribute to the adaptation of hand movements remains largely unexplored. To determine to what extent eye movements contribute to visuomotor adaptation of hand tracking, participants were asked to track a visual target that followed an unpredictable trajectory with a cursor using a joystick. During blocks of trials, participants were either allowed to look wherever they liked or required to fixate a cross at the center of the screen. Eye movements were tracked to ensure gaze fixation as well as to examine free gaze behavior. The cursor initially responded normally to the joystick, but after several trials, the direction in which it responded was rotated by 90°. Although fixating the eyes had a detrimental influence on hand tracking performance, participants exhibited a rather similar time course of adaptation to rotated visual feedback in the gaze-fixed and gaze-free conditions. More importantly, there was extensive transfer of adaptation between the gaze-fixed and gaze-free conditions. We conclude that although eye movements are relevant for the online control of hand tracking, they do not play an important role in the visuomotor adaptation of such tracking. These results suggest that participants do not adapt by changing the mapping between eye and hand movements, but rather by changing the mapping between hand movements and the cursor’s motion independently of eye movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eye movements assist hand movements in everyday activities, but their contribution to visuomotor adaptation remains largely unknown. We compared adaptation of hand tracking under free gaze and fixed gaze. Although our results confirm that following the target with the eyes increases the accuracy of hand movements, they unexpectedly demonstrate that gaze fixation does not hinder adaptation. These results suggest that eye movements have distinct contributions for online control and visuomotor adaptation of hand movements.

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Obstacle Avoidance in Simulated Environment Using Eye Tracking Technologies

Volume 2: 29th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/detc2009-87149 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Csaba Antonya ◽

Florin Barbuceanu ◽

Zolta´n Rusa´k ◽

Doru Talaba ◽

Silviu Butnariu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Obstacle Avoidance ◽

Autonomous Vehicle ◽

Computer Game ◽

Gaze Fixation ◽

The Gaze ◽

Simulated Environment ◽

Mapping System ◽

Avoidance Strategies ◽

Human Eye Movements

The paper is investigating the relationship between human eye movements, correlated with the visual perception of computer generated scene on one hand and obstacle avoidance strategies on the other hand, during the process of driving a computer game-like car. Several issues were investigated regarding how the gaze fixation point of the driver is moving during obstacle avoidance maneuvers. The relevance of each issue in making a decision was assessed. The main goal is to establish a correlation (mapping) system between gaze fixation parameters and obstacles avoidance strategies in order to be able to develop cognitive algorithms for driver assistance in real world driving conditions, to monitor driver’s vigilance and ultimately to enable progress towards the autonomous vehicle which can avoid possible obstacles or resolve hazardous traffic situations just by monitoring the eye movements of the driver.

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Depressed regional deformation near anterior papillary muscle

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.1.h262 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 269 (1) ◽

pp. H262-H270 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. W. Holmes ◽

Y. Takayama ◽

I. LeGrice ◽

J. W. Covell

Keyword(s):

Papillary Muscle ◽

Insertion Site ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Regional Deformation ◽

Myocardial Wall ◽

Muscle Insertion ◽

Region Data ◽

Anterior Papillary Muscle

The role of the papillary muscle in left ventricular function has received new attention. We hypothesized that regional mechanics of the left ventricular wall near the anterior papillary muscle are influenced by the papillary muscle insertion. We therefore studied three-dimensional regional mechanics in and near the anterior papillary muscle in anesthetized, open-chest dogs, using implanted radiopaque markers and biplane cineradiography. In seven dogs, deformation differed little between an anterior papillary muscle insertion site (PMA) and a more basal site (PMB) overlying the anterior papillary muscle. However, local shortening and wall thickening were depressed in both locations relative to anterior free wall sites (FWA, FWB) studied in five additional dogs. A distinct structural border was observed at the junction between the myocardial wall and anterior papillary muscle, which may preclude the use of homogeneous strain in that region. Data from within the anterior papillary muscle indicated that uniaxial measurements in the papillary muscle are extremely sensitive to the orientation of the measurement axis, possibly explaining the variety of papillary muscle shortening patterns reported by previous investigators.

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Bioarchaeological Analysis of the Mounted Archers from the Hungarian Conquest Period (10th Century): Horse Riding and Activity-Related Skeletal Changes

Anthropologiai Közlemények ◽

10.20330/anthropkozl.2019.61.77 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 77-85

Author(s):

William Berthon

Keyword(s):

Comparison Group ◽

Close Association ◽

Insertion Site ◽

Historical Context ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Doctoral Research ◽

Skeletal Changes ◽

Horse Riding ◽

Muscle Insertion ◽

Direct Measurements

Archaeological and historical sources attest that tribes of semi-nomadic populations conquered the Carpathian Basin with powerful armies of mounted archers at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries, which led to the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary a hundred years later. Cemeteries from that period often provide cases of deposits of archery and horse riding equipment, as well as horse bones associated with the individuals in the graves. The close association between these items and the skeletons, together with the well-known historical context, allows postulating that the concerned individuals practiced horse riding during their life. The doctoral research had two main objectives. The first one was to contribute to the research on activity reconstructions in past populations with the identification of skeletal changes that could more reliably be associated with the practice of horse riding, in particular. The second objective was to bring an ethnoarchaeological contribution by possibly improving our understanding of the societies from the Hungarian Conquest period and their funerary practices. We selected a sample of 67 individuals from the 10th-century Hungarian cemetery of Sárrétudvari-Hízóföld, which was divided into two groups of individuals, according to the presence or absence of riding deposit in their graves. We also selected a modern (19–20th century) comparison group of 47 presumed non-rider individuals from the documented collection of Lisbon. We analysed different types of skeletal changes commonly used as indicators of activity and behaviour in past populations. Various direct measurements of the lower limb bones were also used to calculate indices of shape and robusticity. Statistical analyses mostly revealed significant differences between the Hungarian groups and the comparison group from Lisbon. They concerned some skeletal changes that can be linked to the riding practice and seem to be promising indicators for this activity. Comparisons between groups also revealed that the Hungarian individuals without riding deposit in their grave were likely riders as well. Both objectives of this research have thus been achieved. We took into consideration most of the pitfalls inherent to research on activity-related skeletal changes, leading to several limitations, such as relatively restricted sample sizes in the archaeological groups, which should be improved in the future. In addition, the multifactorial aetiology of the skeletal changes represented one of the main difficulties for their interpretation in terms of activity. In that regard, we performed an exploratory analysis of the microarchitecture of a muscle insertion site, of which promising results will need to be confirmed with further research with the aim of improving the reconstruction of activities in past populations.

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The Medial Rectus Muscle Insertion Site in Infantile Esotropia

American Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75584-9 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 79-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ronald V. Keech ◽

William E. Scott ◽

John D. Baker

Keyword(s):

Insertion Site ◽

Rectus Muscle ◽

Medial Rectus ◽

Infantile Esotropia ◽

Muscle Insertion

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Optimal Eye-Gaze Fixation Position for Face-Related Neural Responses

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0060128 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. e60128 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Younes Zerouali ◽

Jean-Marc Lina ◽

Boutheina Jemel

Keyword(s):

Eye Gaze ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Fixation Position ◽

Gaze Fixation

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AS-OCT to assess extraocular muscle insertion

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus ◽

10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.07.061 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. e18-e19

Author(s):

Ana C. Almeida ◽

Ana R. Azevedo ◽

Fabio L. Gaudencio ◽

Rita D. Gama

Keyword(s):

Extraocular Muscle ◽

Muscle Insertion

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What Facial Features Does the Pediatrician Look to Decide That a Newborn Is Feeling Pain?

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731453 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giselle Valério Teixeira da Silva ◽

Marina Carvalho de Moraes Barros ◽

Juliana do Carmo Azevedo Soares ◽

Lucas Pereira Carlini ◽

Tatiany Marcondes Heiderich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Pain ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Random Order ◽

Gaze Fixation ◽

The Gaze ◽

Key Points ◽

Maximum Pain ◽

Areas Of Interest ◽

Gaze Fixations

Objective The study aimed to analyze the gaze fixation of pediatricians during the decision process regarding the presence/absence of pain in pictures of newborn infants. Study Design Experimental study, involving 38 pediatricians (92% females, 34.6 ± 9.0 years, 22 neonatologists) who evaluated 20 pictures (two pictures of each newborn: one at rest and one during a painful procedure), presented in random order for each participant. The Tobii-TX300 equipment tracked eye movements in four areas of interest of each picture (AOI): mouth, eyes, forehead, and nasolabial furrow. Pediatricians evaluated the intensity of pain with a verbal analogue score from 0 to 10 (0 = no pain; 10 = maximum pain). The number of pictures in which pediatricians fixed their gaze, the number of gaze fixations, and the total and average time of gaze fixations were compared among the AOI by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The visual-tracking parameters of the pictures' evaluations were also compared by ANOVA according to the pediatricians' perception of pain presence: moderate/severe (score = 6–10), mild (score = 3–5), and absent (score = 0–2). The association between the total time of gaze fixations in the AOI and pain perception was assessed by logistic regression. Results In the 20 newborn pictures, the mean number of gaze fixations was greater in the mouth, eyes, and forehead than in the nasolabial furrow. Also, the average total time of gaze fixations was greater in the mouth and forehead than in the nasolabial furrow. Controlling for the time of gaze fixation in the AOI, each additional second in the time of gaze fixation in the mouth (odds ratio [OR]: 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.46) and forehead (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02–1.33) was associated with an increase in the chance of moderate/severe pain presence in the neonatal facial picture. Conclusion When challenged to say whether pain is present in pictures of newborn infants' faces, pediatricians fix their gaze preferably in the mouth. The longer duration of gaze fixation in the mouth and forehead is associated with an increase perception that moderate/severe pain is present. Key Points

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