Тhe effect of hippotherapy on the psychoemotional status of children with cerebral palsy

The results of the hippotherapy program application in the correction of the psycho-emotional status of children with cerebral palsy are presented. It has been established that this program of therapeutic horse riding has proved effective in correcting the psycho-emotional status and can be widely used in the rehabilitation of persons with cerebral palsy. Key words: cerebral palsy, hippotherapy, psychological testing.

Rise of the war machines: Charting the evolution of military technologies from the Neolithic to the Industrial Revolution

What have been the causes and consequences of technological evolution in world history? In particular, what propels innovation and diffusion of military technologies, details of which are comparatively well preserved and which are often seen as drivers of broad socio-cultural processes? Here we analyze the evolution of key military technologies in a sample of pre-industrial societies world-wide covering almost 10,000 years of history using Seshat: Global History Databank. We empirically test previously speculative theories that proposed world population size, connectivity between geographical areas of innovation and adoption, and critical enabling technological advances, such as iron metallurgy and horse riding, as central drivers of military technological evolution. We find that all of these factors are strong predictors of change in military technology, whereas state-level factors such as polity population, territorial size, or governance sophistication play no major role. We discuss how our approach can be extended to explore technological change more generally, and how our results carry important ramifications for understanding major drivers of evolution of social complexity.

EP.FRI.300 Equine related trauma: a 20-year district general hospital experience

Introduction Although a popular recreational and competitive sport, horse riding carries risk of injury. We aimed to characterise demographics, injury patterns and outcomes of patients with an equine-related injury over a 20-year period. Methods Patients were identified through local coding. Data relevant to the study aims were extracted. Statistical analysis was used to determine any association between patient demographic with injury pattern or outcome. Results Of the 701 patients included, 71.3% were female and the mean age was 34.9 years. Simple head injury (25.4%) and upper limb fracture (21.3%) were the commonest injuries. Abdominal visceral injury occurred in 1.6% with 2 patients requiring laparotomy and splenectomy. Overall, operations were performed in 32.8%. Open reduction and internal fixation was the commonest procedure (42.4%). 30-day mortality was 0.3% and 3.1% required transfer to a tertiary centre. Older patients were more likely to have a rib (46.3 vs 33.5 years, p = <0.05) or lower limb fracture (37.9 vs 34.5 years, p = 0.04) whilst upper limb fractures were seen in younger patients (30.3 vs 36.1 years, p = <0.05). There was no statistical difference with other injury patterns or gender. Conclusion Although mortality is rare, a significant proportion of patients sustain injury requiring surgical intervention. Given the predisposition towards orthopaedic injury, adequate rehabilitation facilities need to be available. Continued development and promotion of safety equipment are also required to reduced incidence.

Teaching Horse Riding: Is the Role of the Horse Recognized?

This study investigated what methods professional trainers use in their teaching. Interviews with nine professional trainers in sports dressage were analyzed using a qualitative approach. The results showed that trainers had developed a “good eye” using their prior experiences. The trainers helped the riders solve their problems but did not make clear their observations or reasoning for specific instructions. Thus, trainers could further develop the riders’ own practical knowledge. The role of the horse was not made explicit in most cases, showing that recognition of the horse as a sentient and thinking individual is not built into the current teaching practice. Teaching methods would be improved if trainers encouraged riders to pay more attention to the perspective of the horse, to examine how to interpret and attend to the horse’s reactions, and to reflect on these issues in dialog with them.

Virtual Reality-Incorporated Horse Riding Simulator to Improve Motor Function and Balance in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

The horse riding simulator (HRS) reportedly has a beneficial effect on motor function and balance in children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, by itself, the HRS is not a sufficient source of challenge and motivation for children. To address this issue, we combined the HRS with virtual reality (VR) to promote somatosensory stimulation and motivation. Sixteen children (ages: 5–17 years) with CP and presenting Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–IV were enrolled in the study. Using a head-mounted display and controllers, interventions were carried out over 30-min periods (two rides lasting 12 min each, along with a six-min rest period) twice a week over a period of eight weeks (16 sessions in aggregate). The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Gross Motor Function measure (GMFM)-88, and GMFM-66 scores of each participant were measured before and after the interventions. Statistically significant improvements were observed in the PBS, GMFM-66, the total GMFM-88 scores, and those corresponding to dimensions D and E of GMFM-88 after the intervention (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that VR-incorporated HRS is effective in improving motor function and balance in children with CP and that its incorporation in conventional PT programs could yield beneficial results.

Understanding early horse transport in eastern Eurasia through analysis of equine dentition

Across Eurasia, horse transport transformed ancient societies. Although evidence for chariotry is well dated, the origins of horse riding are less clear. Techniques to distinguish chariotry from riding in archaeological samples rely on elements not typically recovered from many steppe contexts. Here, the authors examine horse remains of Mongolia's Deer Stone-Khirigsuur (DSK) Complex, comparing them with ancient and modern East Asian horses used for both types of transport. DSK horses demonstrate unique dentition damage that could result from steppe chariotry, but may also indicate riding with a shallow rein angle at a fast gait. A key role for chariots in Late Bronze Age Mongolia helps explain the trajectory of horse use in early East Asia.

O rural civilizado: a experiência do hipismo no Jacarepaguá Tênis Clube (Rio de Janeiro; 1940-1957) = El rural civilizado: La experiencia de la hípica en el Jacarepaguá Tênis Clube (Rio de Janeiro; 1940-1957) = The civilized rural: The equestrian experience of Jacarepaguá Tênis Clube (Rio de Janeiro; 1940-1957)

ResumoFundado em 1939, o Jacarepaguá Tênis Clube foi uma das únicas agremiações dos subúrbios cariocas a ter uma equipe de hipismo, modalidade usualmente praticada por gente de estrato socioeconômico alto. Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir essa experiência esportiva considerando que as iniciativas associativas são relevantes indicadores dos processos de urbanização, conformação de identidades e constituição do território. Adotou-se o recorte temporal de 1941 a 1957, período em que a equitação existiu no clube investigado. Como fontes, foram utilizados revistas e jornais publicados no Rio de Janeiro. Ao final, conclui-se que o incentivo ao esporte equestre foi mobilizado no sentido de forjar uma boa imagem para o clube, o apresentando como expressão do rural civilizado que caracterizaria o bairro. ResumenFundado en 1939, Jacarepaguá Tênis Clube fue uno de los únicos clubes de los suburbios de Río de Janeiro que contó con un equipo de hípica, modalidad que habitualmente practican personas de alto nivel socioeconómico. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de discutir, desde su repercusión pública, la experiencia de esta sociedad deportiva considerando que las iniciativas asociativas son indicadores relevantes de los procesos de urbanización, conformación de identidades y producción del espacio. Se adoptó el marco temporal de 1941 a 1957, período en el que existía la equitación en el club investigado. Como fuentes se utilizaron principalmente revistas y periódicos publicados en Río de Janeiro. Al final, se concluye que el incentivo al deporte ecuestre se movilizó con el fin de forjar una buena imagen para el club, presentándolo como una expresión de lo rural civilizado que caracterizaría al barrio. AbstractFounded in 1939, Jacarepaguá Tênis Clube was one of the only clubs in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro that had a team of horse riding, a sport usually practiced by people from high socioeconomic strata. This article aims to discuss, from its public repercussion, the experience of this sports society considering that associative initiatives are important indicators of processes of the urbanization, formation of identities and space production. The time frame from 1941 to 1957 was adopted, a period in which horse riding existed in the investigated club. As sources, they were used mostly magazines and newspapers published in Rio de Janeiro. It is concluded that the incentive to equestrian sport was mobilized in order to build a good image for the club, presenting it as an expression of the civilized rural that would characterize the neighbourhood.