The Lighthill-Weis-Fogh clap-fling-sweep mechanism is a movement used by some insects to improve their flight performance. As first suggested by Lighthill (1973), this mechanism allows large circulations around the wings to be established immediately as they start to move. Initially, the wings are clapped. Then they fling open like a book, and a non-zero circulation is established around each of them. Thus one wing can be considered as the starting vortex for the other. Then they sweep apart, carrying these bound vortices and generating lift. Since the insect wings have relatively low aspect ratio and rotate, 3d effects are important, such as spanwise flow and stabilization of the leading edge vortices (Maxworthy, 2007). To explore these effects, we perform direct numerical simulations of flapping wings, using a pseudo-spectral method with volume penalization. Comparing 2d and 3d simulations for the same setup clarifies the role of the three-dimensionality of the wake. Our results show that the 2d approximation describes very well the flow during fling, when the wings are near, but 3d effects become crucial when the wings move far apart. Possible extensions of the numerical method for modeling the interaction with thin elastic wings using FSI will also be presented.
Regional Analyses of Rainfall-Induced Landslide Initiation in Upper Gudbrandsdalen (South-Eastern Norway) Using TRIGRS Model
