History of Infectious Diseases

Healthcare Policy and Reform ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-6915-2.ch001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Maria Ines Zanoli Sato

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Human Development ◽

Essential Role ◽

Emerging Pathogens ◽

Determining Factors ◽

History Of

This chapter provides a review of infectious disease to date and the challenges they may present in the future. The main pandemics that have driven the history of humanity are described, from the first to be recorded in 3180 BC to more recent ones such as AIDIS, SARS and others associated with emerging pathogens. The essential role of emerging scientific specialisms (particularly microbiology, public health and sanitary engineering) to our understanding of the causes of these diseases (and how they may be better monitored, controlled and prevented) is presented. Globalization and climate change, determining factors for the ecology of infectious diseases and their emergence and re-emergence, are discussed and point to the urgent need for research to deal with these threats that continue to have a significant impact on human development and wellbeing.

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Patterns of smallpox mortality in London, England, over three centuries

PLoS Biology ◽

10.1371/journal.pbio.3000506 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. e3000506

Author(s):

Olga Krylova ◽

David J. D. Earn

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Time Series ◽

Spectral Analysis ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Health Policies ◽

Human Populations ◽

Public Health Policies ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Control

Smallpox is unique among infectious diseases in the degree to which it devastated human populations, its long history of control interventions, and the fact that it has been successfully eradicated. Mortality from smallpox in London, England was carefully documented, weekly, for nearly 300 years, providing a rare and valuable source for the study of ecology and evolution of infectious disease. We describe and analyze smallpox mortality in London from 1664 to 1930. We digitized the weekly records published in the London Bills of Mortality (LBoM) and the Registrar General’s Weekly Returns (RGWRs). We annotated the resulting time series with a sequence of historical events that might have influenced smallpox dynamics in London. We present a spectral analysis that reveals how periodicities in reported smallpox mortality changed over decades and centuries; many of these changes in epidemic patterns are correlated with changes in control interventions and public health policies. We also examine how the seasonality of reported smallpox mortality changed from the 17th to 20th centuries in London.

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Climate Change-Associated Conflict and Infectious Disease

Examining the Role of Environmental Change on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics - Advances in Human Services and Public Health ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0553-2.ch003 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 68-88

Author(s):

Devin C. Bowles

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Health Personnel ◽

Forced Migration ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Food Scarcity ◽

Surveillance Programs

One of the least appreciated mechanisms by which climate change will affect infectious diseases is via increased violent conflict. Climate change will diminish agricultural and pastoral resources and increase food scarcity in many areas, including already impoverished equatorial regions. Many in the defence and public health fields anticipate that climate change will increase conflict by fuelling competition over scarce resources. Already, some commentators argue that the conflicts in Darfur and Syria were partially caused or exacerbated by climate change. Conflict facilitates a range of conditions conducive to the spread of many infectious diseases, including malnutrition, forced migration, unhygienic living conditions and widespread sexual assault. Flight or killing of health personnel inhibits vaccination, vector control and disease surveillance programs. Emergence of new diseases may go undetected and discovery of outbreaks could be suppressed for strategic reasons. These conditions combine to increase the risk of pandemics.

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PANDEMICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD ECONOMY: A HYPOTHESIS OF CORRELATION

Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences ◽

10.31410/balkans.jetss.2021.4.1.1-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Le Chen ◽

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Human Development ◽

World Economy ◽

Prevention Strategy ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Response Measures ◽

New Challenges

Coronavirus disease 2019-nCoV is a novel and highly transmissible infectious disease. However, in the history of human development, there have already been many infectious diseases that caused pandemics. Through a review of pandemics over centuries, the author tried to understand whether there was any correlation between the pandemics and the development of the world economy of the associated period. Although 2019-nCoV pandemic is deeply affected every country varying only in the degree, and the response measures taken by countries against the pandemic are also various, however, the pandemic has spread globally without exception; therefore, this study aims to call on to adopt a prevention strategy to face the new challenges ahead with a healthy rhythm of progressive globalization.

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Climate Change-Associated Conflict and Infectious Disease

Natural Resources Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch062 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1309-1324

Author(s):

Devin C. Bowles

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Health Personnel ◽

Forced Migration ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Food Scarcity ◽

Surveillance Programs

One of the least appreciated mechanisms by which climate change will affect infectious diseases is via increased violent conflict. Climate change will diminish agricultural and pastoral resources and increase food scarcity in many areas, including already impoverished equatorial regions. Many in the defence and public health fields anticipate that climate change will increase conflict by fuelling competition over scarce resources. Already, some commentators argue that the conflicts in Darfur and Syria were partially caused or exacerbated by climate change. Conflict facilitates a range of conditions conducive to the spread of many infectious diseases, including malnutrition, forced migration, unhygienic living conditions and widespread sexual assault. Flight or killing of health personnel inhibits vaccination, vector control and disease surveillance programs. Emergence of new diseases may go undetected and discovery of outbreaks could be suppressed for strategic reasons. These conditions combine to increase the risk of pandemics.

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Uganda Mountain Community Health System—Perspectives and Capacities towards Emerging Infectious Disease Surveillance

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8562

Author(s):

Aggrey Siya ◽

Richardson Mafigiri ◽

Richard Migisha ◽

Rebekah C. Kading

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Disease Response ◽

Mount Elgon ◽

Public Health Hazards

In mountain communities like Sebei, Uganda, which are highly vulnerable to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, community-based surveillance plays an important role in the monitoring of public health hazards. In this survey, we explored capacities of village health teams (VHTs) in Sebei communities of Mount Elgon in undertaking surveillance tasks for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in the context of a changing climate. We used participatory epidemiology techniques to elucidate VHTs’ perceptions on climate change and public health and assessed their capacities to conduct surveillance for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Overall, VHTs perceived climate change to be occurring with wider impacts on public health. However, they had inadequate capacities in collecting surveillance data. The VHTs lacked transport to navigate through their communities and had insufficient capacities in using mobile phones for sending alerts. They did not engage in reporting other hazards related to the environment, wildlife, and domestic livestock that would accelerate infectious disease outbreaks. Records were not maintained for disease surveillance activities and the abilities of VHTs to analyze data were also limited. However, VHTs had access to platforms that could enable them to disseminate public health information. The VHTs thus need to be retooled to conduct their work effectively and efficiently through equipping them with adequate logistics and knowledge on collecting, storing, analyzing, and relaying data, which will improve infectious disease response and mitigation efforts.

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Uganda Mountain Community Health System Perspectives and Capacities Towards Emerging Infectious Disease Surveillance

10.20944/preprints202105.0691.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aggrey Siya ◽

Richardson Mafigiri ◽

Richard Migisha ◽

Rebekah C. Kading

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Disease Response ◽

Public Health Information ◽

Mount Elgon ◽

Public Health Hazards

In mountain communities like Sebei, Uganda, that are highly vulnerable to emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, community-based surveillance plays an important role in the monitoring of public health hazards. In this survey, we explored capacities of Village Health Teams (VHTs) in Sebei communities of Mount Elgon in undertaking surveillance tasks for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in the context of a changing climate. We used participatory epidemiology techniques to elucidate VHTs’ perceptions on climate change and public health and assess their capacities in conducting surveillance for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Overall, VHTs perceived climate change to be occurring with wider impacts on public health. However, they have inadequate capacities in collecting sur-veillance data. The VHTs lack transport to navigate through their communities and have in-sufficient capacities in using mobile phones for sending alerts. They do not engage in reporting other hazards related with the environment, wildlife and domestic livestock that would ac-celerate infectious disease outbreaks. Records are not maintained for disease surveillance ac-tivities and the abilities of VHTs to analyze data are also limited. However, VHTs have access to platforms that can enable them to disseminate public health information. The VHTs thus need to be retooled to conduct their work effectively and efficiently through equipping them with adequate logistics and knowledge on collecting, storing, analyzing, and relaying data, which will improve infectious disease response and mitigation efforts.

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Preparedness 3.0: Addressing the Future

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2015.138 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 728-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Georges C. Benjamin

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Social Media ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Extreme Weather ◽

Common Occurrence ◽

Public Health Preparedness ◽

Public Health Emergencies ◽

State Sponsorship ◽

The Future

ABSTRACTThe last 14 years has taught us that that we are facing a new reality; a reality in which public health emergencies are a common occurrence. Today, we live in a world with dangerous people without state sponsorship who are an enormous threat to our safety; one where emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are waiting to break out; a world where the benefits of globalization in trade, transportation, and social media brings threats to our communities faster and with a greater risk than ever before. Even climate change has entered into the preparedness equation, bringing with it the forces of nature in the form of extreme weather and its complications. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:728–729)

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Principles of Food Inspection

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-42.2.180 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 180-182

Author(s):

BOYD T. MARSH

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Personnel ◽

Food Inspection ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

History Of ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks

A brief review of the history of food-caused illness in humans and those categories or areas in a foodservice operations that are considered critical by public health personnel are discussed. The role of the foodservice manager is examined with respect to foodborne outbreaks. Some issues divergent from basic sanitation, but nevertheless, important to the foodservice manager and to public health personnel, are presented.

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