Public Health Confronts Modernity in the Shadow of the Pandemic

Empirical science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries transformed public health. Improvement in nutrition and living conditions were the driving forces, linked to basic sanitation. The principles of public health also proved highly effective in prevention of chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the dominant force in biomedicine has become genomics and “precision medicine,” both of which ignore the role of environmental exposures, and focus on individual, not collective risk. Genetic determinism and technological solutions have narrowed the scope of research aimed at improving population health, and reduced the benefits that biomedical science and public health could provide. The COVID-19 pandemic is the same story in bold print.

Kepemilikan Fasilitas Sanitasi Dasar Rumah Tangga Di Desa Air Selumar Kecamatan Sijuk Kabupaten Belitung

Ownership of basic sanitation facilities of the house is one of the conditions of a healthy home. Health problems in the home environment can not be separated from the level of knowledge, attitude, income of the head of the family and the number of dependents of the head of the family. It is seen that there are still people who do not have thoughts about the importance of basic sanitation for their lives and there are still many people who do not have basic sanitation facilities. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors related to the ownership of basic household sanitation facilities in Selumar Water Village, Sijuk Subdistrict, Belitung Regency.This study uses observational analytics method with cross sectional approach. The samples in this study numbered 101 samples, using proportional random sampling method. Research instruments are questionnaires and checklists. Data analysis is performed using Chi square test. Bivariate analysis results show there is a relationship between the level of knowledge and the ownership of basic household sanitation facilities p value=0.000, there is a relationship between attitude with the ownership of basic household sanitation facilities p value=0.005, there is a relationship between the level of income and the ownership of basic household sanitation facilities p value=0.000, there is a relationship between the number of family members and the ownership of basic household sanitation facilities p value=0.016. The level of knowledge, attitude, income level and number of family members relates to the ownership of basic household sanitation facilities in Selumar Water Village, Sijuk Subdistrict, Belitung Regency

Displacement and Trauma

Rohingya children have become victims of mass displacement, with some of them being internally or externally displaced because of long-standing violence and prejudice in their own country. Currently, a substantial number of them are residing in refugee camps in Bangladesh. They lost all their rights, including the right to retain their native country's nationality. Their basic human rights are violated when they become stateless refugees in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasize equality, equity, and social justice. Rohingya children in refugee camps face adversity and have limited access to informal education and health services. Due to a lack of nutritious food, healthcare services, medicines, and basic sanitation, the health conditions for some of them are exceedingly poor. Children, particularly young girls, are vulnerable to gender-based violence, child marriage, and human trafficking, both for sex and manual labor. This chapter investigates the childhood experiences of displaced Rohingya children living in Bangladeshi refugee camps.

Level of Urban Infrastructure Services and Coping Mechanisms of Households

Basic infrastructure services like clean water, proper sewage and sanitation, etc. are important attributes in urbanization of a city to make it healthy, livable, and sustainable. Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aims to ensure clean water and sanitation for all. Access to clean drinking water and basic sanitation facilities are crucial requirements for good health. Issues like intermittent supply, poor water quality, and low-pressure cause unreliable situations due to which community members resort to various coping strategies. Coping strategies are influenced by the household's level of education, income, and the level of unreliability of the service. The coping mechanisms used by the households are costly, and the poor people end up paying more because of the hidden cost. The poor water supply services result in induced costs by the residents in terms of the time costs for water collection and illness due to disease and water treatment costs. Because of these induced costs, the urban poor end up spending more for a clean and reliable water supply.

Redução da Subjetividade na Classificação de Áreas de Disposição de RSU Através do Desenvolvimento de um Novo Índice Utilizando Análise Hierárquica de Processo (AHP): Índice de Qualidade de Áreas de Disposição Irregular de RSU – IQUADI

A publicação do novo marco legal do saneamento básico no Brasil – LEI Nº 14.026, de 15 de julho de 2020 definiu novos prazos iminentes para encerramento dos 3326 “lixões” e aterros controlados no território nacional. A importância do fim das atividades ou s adequação das áreas de disposição irregular de RSU é primordial para a eliminação/redução da contaminação dos compartimentos ambientais. Com as dificuldades financeiras e índices de avaliação de qualidade de áreas de disposição subjetivos – IQR (CETESB) e IQDR (INEA) pouco foi feito pelos gestores municipais nessas áreas. A fim de superar a subjetividade na utilização desses índices e direcionar ações efetivas, este trabalho propõe um novo Índice de Qualidade de Áreas de Disposição Irregular de RSU (IQUADI), baseada na Análise Hierárquica de Processo (AHP), definindo-se intervalos específicos para os critérios selecionados a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Os resultados finais mostram aos responsáveis pelos passivos ambientais se as atividades na área serão encerradas ou continuarão e quais medidas a serem adotadas. Verificaram-se divergências legais nos limites usualmente utilizados e novos limites foram propostos para os critérios componentes do IQUADI. A aplicação comparativa (estudo de caso) do IQUADI e do IQR no aterro controlado de Volta Redonda permitiu concluir que o IQR apresenta 58% de subjetividade para a seleção dos pesos de cada critério, ao contrário do IQUADI que apresentou valores específicos para cada intervalo selecionado integrante dos critérios. Subjectivity reduction in the MSW disposal areas classification through a new index applying Hierarchical Process Analysis: Quality Index of Irregular MSW Disposal Areas – IQUADIA B S T R A C TThe new legal framework publication for basic sanitation in Brazil in July 2020 defined new imminent deadlines for the closure of the 3326 “dumps” and controlled landfills in the national territory. The importance of the end of activities or the adequacy of MSW irregular disposal areas is essential for the elimination / reduction of contamination of environmental compartments. With the financial difficulties and the subjectivity of the quality assessment indexes of disposal areas - IQR (CETESB) and IQDR (INEA), little has been accomplished by municipal managers in these areas. In order to overcome the subjectivity in the use of these indices and direct effective actions, this work proposes a new Quality Index for MSW Irregular Disposal Areas (IQUADI), based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), defining specific intervals for the selected criteria from a bibliographic and documentary survey. The final results show those responsible for environmental liabilities whether activities in the area will be closed or will continue and what measures must be performed. Legal differences have been identified in the limits usually used and new values were proposed for the criteria that compose IQUADI. The comparative application (case study) of IQUADI and IQR in the controlled landfill of Volta Redonda allowed us to conclude that the IQR presents 58% subjectivity for the selection of the weights of each criterion, in contrast to the IQUADI which presented specific values for each interval selected integral to the criterion.Keywords: municipal solid waste, closure, quality index, analytical hierarchy process.

Description Of Community Knowledge And Behavior Level On Healthy Latrine Ownership In Kubu Village

One of the important efforts to improve health status was the procurement of a healthy environment for the community, one of which was having a healthy latrine. Owning a latrine was included in the basic sanitation needed to create a clean and healthy environment. With the availability of latrines that met health requirements it could avoid environmental-based diseases, such as typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery and diarrhea. This study aimed to describe the level of knowledge and behavior of the community towards the ownership of healthy latrines in Kubu Village, Kubu District, Kubu Raya Regency. This type of research used descriptive research. The research population was 1583 families and the sample taken was 94 families using the Slovin formula. The results of this study indicated the level of knowledge was not good (70.2%), good knowledge (29.8%), good behavior (63.8%), bad behavior (36.2%). Ownership of healthy latrines (82.7%), ownership of healthy latrines (17.3%). The conclusion from the results of this study was ownership of healthy latrines has a relationship with respondents' knowledge and affects community behavior in accessing basic sanitation

Determinants of Environmental Sanitation Related to the Incidence of Diarrhea among Infants

Background: Incidence of diarrhea increased by poor environmental conditions factors. The several factors of environmental health are housing, disposal waste, clean water supply, and sewerage. This study's purpose was to determine the determinants of environmental sanitation related to the incidence of diarrhea in infants at the work area of Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) Singa, Karo District. Method: This research was quantitative research as a case study of diarrhea among infants in Puskesmas Singa. The subjects were housewives who had infants and suffered from diarrhea in the last six months of the study, with 225 total population and 63 people selected by simple random sampling. The data analyzed used logistic regression to found the influence of environmental sanitation on diarrhea. Results: The results found there were six variables analyzed, there were three variables that influenced the incidence of diarrhea, the variable ownership of feces disposal facilities was the most dominant factor with Exp B 18.267 (p-value 0.003; 95% CI: 2.750-121.334), and the quality of clean water are variables that influence the incidence of diarrhea with Exp B 5.763 (p-value 0.026; 95% CI: 1.234-26.904), food and drink sanitation are variables that influence the incidence of diarrhea with Exp B 12.451 (p-value 0.004; 95% CI: 2.190 - 70.773). Conclusion: It concludes that diarrhea among infants has a dominant relationship of water sanitation, disposal sanitation, and food sanitation as determinants. It needs to improve basic sanitation to decrease the count of diarrhea.

Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework

The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.