Functional Human Brain Mapping

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-212
Author(s):  
Shahzadi Malhotra ◽  
Gaurav Rajender
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Neuroimaging plays a crucial role in psychiatry and mental health as it can potentially be used to identify causal factors, biomarkers of a disorder, prognosis or treatment, elucidate biological pathways along with informing and monitoring newer therapies. Early and prophylactic interventions present an emerging future direction in clinical psychiatry, and neuroimaging has the potential to help in identification of individuals at risk and monitor the effects of intervention. In the chapter an attempt is made to elaborate the concept of brain mapping, and differences between structural and functional brain imaging are discussed. The chapter focusses on advent of neuroimaging in psychiatry along with discussing the major functional neuroimaging techniques.

The Oxford Handbook of Functional Brain Imaging in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences

2014 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Source Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cognitive Neurosciences

A large part of the contemporary literature involves functional neuroimaging. Yet few readers are sufficiently familiar with the various imaging methods, their capabilities and limitations, to appraise it correctly. To fulfill that need is the purpose of this Handbook, which consists of an accessible description of the methods and their clinical and research applications. The Handbook begins with an overview of basic concepts of functional brain imaging, magnetoencephalography and the use of magnetic source imaging (MSI), positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The authors then discuss the various research applications of imaging, such as white matter connectivity; the function of the default mode network; the possibility and the utility of imaging of consciousness; the search for mnemonic traces of concepts the mechanisms of the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories; executive functions and their neuroanatomical mechanisms; voluntary actions, human will and decision-making; motor cognition; language and the mechanisms of affective states and pain. The final chapter discusses the uses of functional neuroimaging in the presurgical mapping of the brain.

Structural and functional neuroimaging of schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 597-608
Author(s):  
Andreea O. Diaconescu ◽  
Sandra Iglesias ◽  
Klaas E. Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Response Prediction ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Treatment Response Prediction ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Neuroimaging methods have greatly contributed to our understanding of structural and functional brain changes in schizophrenia. This chapter reviews seminal studies that started the field, as well as more recent neuroimaging research, including discovery-oriented and theory-driven approaches. The chapter structures the latter literature according to four major contemporary pathophysiological theories of schizophrenia, including: (1) the neurodevelopmental theory; (2) the dopamine theory; (3) the GABAergic and glutamatergic theory; and (4) the dysconnection theory. The chapter focuses on those neuroimaging studies that have contributed to elucidating the proposed disease mechanisms. Finally, the chapter discusses the central challenge of neuroimaging in schizophrenia research—to provide tools for individual treatment response prediction. It considers how technical advances in neuroimaging techniques, in combination with computational modelling approaches that strive for mechanistic interpretability, can improve the clinical utility of neuroimaging methods.

scholarly journals Utility of SPECT Functional Neuroimaging of Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bermo ◽  
Mohammed Saqr ◽  
Hunter Hoffman ◽  
David Patterson ◽  
Sam Sharar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
The Brain

Functional neuroimaging modalities vary in spatial and temporal resolution. One major limitation of most functional neuroimaging modalities is that only neural activation taking place inside the scanner can be imaged. This limitation makes functional neuroimaging in many clinical scenarios extremely difficult or impossible. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical in Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) functional brain imaging is Technetium 99 m-labeled Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer (ECD). ECD is a lipophilic compound with unique pharmacodynamics. It crosses the blood brain barrier and has high first pass extraction by the neurons proportional to regional brain perfusion at the time of injection. It reaches peak activity in the brain 1 min after injection and is then slowly cleared from the brain following a biexponential mode. This allows for a practical imaging window of 1 or 2 h after injection. In other words, it freezes a snapshot of brain perfusion at the time of injection that is kept and can be imaged later. This unique feature allows for designing functional brain imaging studies that do not require the patient to be inside the scanner at the time of brain activation. Functional brain imaging during severe burn wound care is an example that has been extensively studied using this technique. Not only does SPECT allow for imaging of brain activity under extreme pain conditions in clinical settings, but it also allows for imaging of brain activity modulation in response to analgesic maneuvers whether pharmacologic or non-traditional such as using virtual reality analgesia. Together with its utility in extreme situations, SPECTS is also helpful in investigating brain activation under typical pain conditions such as experimental controlled pain and chronic pain syndromes.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-33
Author(s):  
Richard E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Unique Pattern ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

This chapter explains why this book is organized as it is. Each neocortical area has a unique pattern of inputs and outputs. This means that the challenge is to understand the transformation that each of the prefrontal (PF) areas performs from input to output. Functional brain imaging allows us to visualize the human brain at work, but it does not have the spatial resolution to identify the mechanisms that support the transformations that the brain performs. It is neurophysiological recordings from cells that tell us how these are achieved. Chapters 3–8 are therefore mainly devoted to studies that have been carried out on the PF cortex of macaque monkeys because the methods are necessarily invasive. Apart from recording, the methods include making selective lesions in an area; it is these that identify the contribution that is unique to that area. The book ends by reviewing the evolution of the human PF cortex; and the final two chapters discuss the ways in which the human PF cortex is specialized in terms of function. In doing so, they attempt to account for the intellectual gap between humans and other primates.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic stimulation in psychiatry

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus P. Ebmeier ◽  
Julia M. Lappin
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

One hundred years ago, D'Arsonval and Beer first described the effects of magnetic fields on human brain function. Placing one's head into a powerful magnet produced phosphenes, vertigo or even syncopes (George & Belmaker, 2000). However, only since 1985 has the technology of fast discharging capacitors developed sufficiently to generate reproducible effects across the intact skull, with peak magnetic field strengths of about 1–2 tesla (Barker et al, 1985). The headline-grabbing news has been about therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), but in the meantime a revolution in functional brain research has taken place, based on the manipulation of brain activity by focused magnetic fields. TMS applied in this way is, in a manner of speaking, brain imaging in the reverse. While common modes of functional brain imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), demonstrate associations between brain metabolic activity and ‘brain tasks', the causal interpretation of such associations can be difficult. Is the frontal lobe activation observed during a memory task, for example, necessary for performing the task, or does it correspond to monitoring activity that runs parallel to task performance proper? If, on the other hand, focal brain activation during TMS results in a muscle twitch, there is no doubt that stimulation of at least some of the neurons within the magnetic field is sufficient cause for the observed movement. Functional neuroimaging is now often combined with TMS, carried out in the same session in order to exploit the complementary strengths of the methods. Although direct stimulation of association (as opposed to motor or sensory) cortex does not usually result in an observable response, TMS applied in repetitive trains can produce reversible ‘lesions'. By interfering with tasks that are dependent on the functioning of the stimulated neurons, it can thus contribute to the localisation of brain function.

Insights from functional neuroimaging studies of behavioral state regulation in healthy and depressed subjects

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-980
Author(s):  
Eric A. Nofzinger
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

New data are presented showing excellent replicability and test-retest reliability of REM sleep findings from functional brain imaging studies in healthy subjects on which newer brain-based models of human dreaming have been constructed. Preliminary region-of-interest findings related to bottom-up versus dissociable brain systems mediating REM sleep and dreaming are also presented.[Hobson et al.; Solms]>

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