AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR PRODUCING LARGE NUMBERS OF SECOND-INSTAR SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1955-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dail Grisdale
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Large Numbers

AbstractA method for weekly production in excess of 100,000 second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura jumiferana (Clem.), is described. It depends on adherence to specific regimes of physical conditions and manipulation for the different immature stages. Standard, easily obtained utensils and materials are used in the rearing technique.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA.TORTRICIDAE): VI. PHOROCERA INCRASSATA SMITH (DIPTERA:TACHINIDAE)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
First Instar

Phorocera incrassala Smith, which was transferred from Western to Eastern Canada for release against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), deposits microtype eggs on leaves, which are later ingested by the host. Eggs hatch immediately after ingestion, but the parasite does not develop beyond the first instar until the host pupates. The larva then develops rapidly, matures in 10 days, and forms its puparium within the host pupal case. The adult emerges in 12 to 14 days. No information is available on the overwintering habits. Among the important characters for identifying the immature stages of P. incrassala are the buccopharyngeal apparatus and the anterior and posterior spiracles.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): V. OMOTOMA FUMIFERANAE (TOT.) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages

Omoloma fumiferanae (Tot.), a parasite of a small number of Lepidoptera in North America and the most common of the native tachinid parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia, deposits macrotype eggs on the integument of the host. The time from oviposition (on a host about to pupate) to puparial formation was 8 to 12 days at 23 °C. and a relative humidity of 60%. Approximately 25% of puparia produce adults the same year. The fate of these adults is not known. The remainder of the puparia produce adults the following spring. Among the important characters for identifying the immature stages of O. fumiferanae are the buccopharyngeal apparatus and the anterior and posterior spiracles.

THIOTEPA AS AN EFFECTIVE AGENT FOR MASS STERILIZING THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1753-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Retnakaran
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractTopical application of thiotepa on the adult male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, at a concentration of 10 μg/insect resulted in 100% sterility. Unlike metepa, thiotepa did not have any apparent adverse effects on the competency of the sperms. Large numbers of male moths can be sterilized by allowing them to walk for 30 min on filter paper treated with a 2.5% solution of thiotepa in a 3:1 mixture of acetone and diffusion pump oil.

A Relation Between April and May Temperatures and Spruce Budworm Larval Emergence

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Rose ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Larval Emergence ◽  
Sudden Appearance ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
Four Square

In the spring, spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem)), emerge as second-instar larvae from hibernacula. This emergence may be sudden and is readily detectable in the field. In northwestern Ontario, the sudden appearance of larvae in large numbers was especially spectacular in 1948; that year, very few insects were observed on May 11, but on the following two days, countless larvae could be seen on strands of silk streaming out from trees. Many of the insects were carried away by air currents. The surface of Big Canon Lake, a body of water close to four square miles in area, was covered with larvae, at an estimated density of 100 larvae per square foot of surface. At other times, however, emergence may be gradual or there may be two distinct periods of abundant emergence. Furthermore, the time of abundant larval emergence through six years has varied by as much as four weeks. Because of such differences, prevailing spring temperatures were examined to determine what relationship might exist between temperature and the time and character of emergence. This paper points out a relationship between emergence and April and May temperatures, and an apparent temperature threshold for emergence.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): VII. AGRIA AFFINIS (FALL.) (DIPTERA : SARCOPHAGIDAE)

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
H. L. House ◽  
M. G. Maw
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Pork Liver ◽  
Pupal Diapause

Agria affinis (Fall.), a holarctic parasite of Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenoptera and one of the more common of the native sarcophagid parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia, deposits first stage larvae on or near the late larval and pupal stages of the host. The larvae penetrate the host integument and complete their development inside the host, dropping to the ground to overwinter as puparia. Adults emerge the following spring. The species was reared in the laboratory continuously on pork liver. Mated females had a prelarviposition period of about 21 days and deposited larvae for up to 45 days. Larval development was completed in 5 to 8 days, and at 21 ± 1 °C and 60% R.H. the puparia formed within 24 hours. The adults emerged from puparia after 10 to 14 days if dormancy did not intervene. A. affinis is propagated continuously in the laboratory, as the stock now appears to have no significant pupal diapause. Among the important characters for identifying its immature stages are the forms of the buccopharyngeal apparatus and of the anterior and posterior spiracles.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): II. PHRYXE PECOSENSIS (TNS.) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Maw ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Native Parasite ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Made In

Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) is a native parasite attacking several species of lepidopterous larvae. It has been reared consistently from collections of the spruce budworm made in British Columbia. The time required from egg deposition to the beginning of the formation of the puparium was 7 to 11 days, the female taking the longer period. The puparium was usually completed within a 24-hr. period and the adult emerged 9 to 11 days later. The life history and habits of the insect are described and the salient characters of the immature stages and the internal reproductive systems of the adults are illustrated and described.

SAMPLING THE EGG STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1963 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
High Population ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Egg Stages ◽  
Understory Trees ◽  
Overstory Trees

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine hake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the egg stage. At high population levels there was no difference in the number of egg masses per square foot of foliage surface between hosts, study areas, direction or sample size. Significant differences existed between crown levels and trees. Samples from understory trees were not representative of the egg populations from overstory trees. An acceptable estimate of egg numbers may be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as possible. Significant differences between sample areas at low population levels indicate that more localities would have to be sampled to obtain a representative estimate of egg numbers when fewer insects are present.

scholarly journals SAMPLING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
First Year ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Branch Size ◽  
Overstory Trees ◽  
Species Study

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine Lake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the larval stages. No significant differences in the numbers of overwintering larvae per square foot of foliage were found between host species or size of sample branch. Significant differences existed between sample trees but a difference between crown levels was found only in the first-year population. No differences were found in the number of feeding larvae between host species, study areas, or crown sides. A difference between sample branch size was found only in the first-year population. Significant differences existed between crown levels, between overstory trees, and between the understory and overstory. An acceptable estimate of larval numbers at least for year-to-year comparison might be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as time permits.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. SARCOPHAGA ALDRICHI PARK. (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Arthur ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Malacosoma Disstria ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Pork Liver ◽  
Native Parasite ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Important Parasite

Sarcophaga aldrichi Park. is a native parasite which has been reared continually, though in small numbers, from Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia. It is also an important parasite of Malacosoma disstria Hbn. and is apparently widely distributed throughout North America. The parasite can be reared in the laboratory on pork liver, or on a mixture of liver and fish, from larvae deposited on the rearing medium by ovoviviparous females. The total time required for development from deposition of the larvae to the beginning of puparial formation was five to eight days. The puparia were formed 7 to 44 days later. No adults emerged without a period of diapause, which normally lasted throughout the winter months. The distinguishing characters of the immature stages are described. The methods used in rearing spruce budworm pupae for obtaining parasites are outlined.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): III. CEROMASIA AURICAUDATA TNS. (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
M. G. Maw
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Rearing Methods ◽  
Tachinid Parasite

The tachinid parasite Ceromasia auricaudata Tns., which had been transferred from Western to Eastern Canada for release against the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is an insect that deposits microtype eggs on leaves which are later ingested by the host. Eggs hatch immediately after ingestion, but the parasite does not develop beyond the first larval stage until the host pupates. Then the larva develops rapidly, maturing within 10 days. The mature larva leaves the host pupal case, drops to the ground, and pupates usually within 24 hr. Nine to 11 days later, the adult emerges. Very little information is available on the overwintering habits. The life history, habits, and rearing methods are outlined and important characters of the immature stages are illustrated and described.

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