SIMULATED MANAGEMENT OF AN HISTORICAL SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATION USING INUNDATIVE PARASITE RELEASE

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 1167-1176
Author(s):  
M. You ◽  
S.M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Green River ◽  
Egg Parasite ◽  
Life Table Data ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Table Data ◽  
Inundative Releases

AbstractSummary life table data of historical spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), populations from the Green River Project in New Brunswick, Canada (1947–1958), provided information for developing a management strategy using annual inundative releases of the egg parasite Trichogramma minutum Riley. Three threshold levels (39, 169, and 201 budworm egg masses per 10 m2 foliage) were assigned to the spruce budworm population and a simulation model employed to manage it at or below each level. Based on field data, the lowest threshold represented a light level of defoliation while the other two thresholds represented moderate defoliation levels. With the exception of 3 years at the low level, annual inundative releases of T. minutum successfully suppressed the spruce budworm population below the three thresholds in the model. Annual releases of T. minutum were also simulated during the inclining, plateau, and declining phases of one outbreak cycle of the spruce budworm. At the same rate (12 × 106 female T. minutum per hectare), inundative releases during the inclining phase were more effective than during either the plateau or declining phases. The results suggest that some low and moderate populations of spruce budworm can be effectively managed using annual inundative releases of an egg parasite, particularly toward the end of the inclining phase of an outbreak, but when populations reach severe levels, additional mortality agents probably will have to be considered in an integrated approach.

GROUND RELEASES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Smith ◽  
M. Hubbes ◽  
J.R. Carrow
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Inundative Release ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Natural Parasitism

AbstractDuring 1982 and 1984, ground releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were assessed for control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), on 12- to 20-year-old, white spruce stands in northern Ontario. Maximum parasitism of susceptible egg masses was 16 and 87% following the release of 480 000 and 12 million female T. minutum per hectare, respectively. Releases at intervals of 1 week maintained parasitism of susceptible egg masses at constant levels throughout the oviposition period of spruce budworm. When parasitism of susceptible egg masses was maintained above 78.2% during the ovipositional period, total egg mass parasitism averaged 58.0% and resulted in an 80.3% reduction of overwintering 2nd-instar larvae. The optimal strategy for reducing spruce budworm was two releases of T. minutum at an interval of 1 week in the ovipositional period. This allowed a second generation of parasitoids to emerge from the spruce budworm eggs that were more efficient in maintaining high levels of parasitism than those emerging from the standard rearing host. Natural parasitism of spruce budworm egg masses was less than 4% and there was no carryover of parasitism in the years following inundative release. The rate of T. minutum release necessary to achieve effective mortality of spruce budworm during outbreak populations is discussed briefly.

3.5 SUPPRESSION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS BY TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY, 1982–1986

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (S153) ◽  
pp. 56-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Smith ◽  
D.R. Wallace ◽  
G. Howse ◽  
J. Meating
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Release Timing

AbstractThe ability of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, to suppress outbreak populations of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was studied annually near Hearst, Ont., from 1982 through 1986. Timing of broadcast parasitoid-releases was linked to spruce budworm moth emergence and oviposition. These phenological relationships were predicted from a regression based on larval development at least 2 weeks before expected emergence; this allowed sufficient time to regulate (program) parasitoid emergence during mass-rearing. Emergence of caged spruce budworm adults was used to monitor moth eclosion in the field. Pheromone traps provided daily information on the activity of male moths and helped to synchronize the parasitoid releases with spruce budworm oviposition. Information on parasitoid activity was obtained from sentinel (laboratory-reared) and naturally occurring spruce budworm egg masses. A curvilinear relationship between the rate of parasitoid release and parasitism of sentinel egg masses was developed. Two parasitoid releases, 1 week apart, early in the oviposition period of spruce budworm, significantly increased parasitism of host eggs by 14–83% and reduced larval populations correspondingly from 42 to 82%. Single releases were less effective and increased parasitism by 0.3–52% (single ground release, 1986). Two parasitoid releases, combined with a spring application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to larval populations, was the most effective strategy and resulted in 83% egg parasitism and 93% larval reduction. Release rates greater than 12–16 × 106 ♀ ♀ T. minutum per hectare were not warranted based on impact and costs. The effects of release timing, weather, host density, and parasitoid quality on the future successful use of T. minutum are discussed.

SIZE DIFFERENCES OF LABORATORY REARED AND WILD POPULATIONS OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan G. Southard ◽  
Mark W. Houseweart ◽  
Daniel T. Jennings ◽  
William A. Halteman
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Female Parasitoid ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Large Host

AbstractThree body dimensions (body length, head width, and abdomen width) were used to determine size differences between laboratory-reared and wild populations of Trichogramma minutum Riley. Six separate groups of T. minutum were measured: three groups were from Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs, two from spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) eggs, and one from wild populations of spruce budworm.Female T. minutum from spruce budworm (large host) eggs were significantly larger for all body dimensions than T. minutum from S. cerealella (small host) eggs. Male T. minutum from field-collected spruce budworm eggs were significantly larger for all body dimensions than T. minutum reared for more than one generation in S. cerealella eggs.A significant reduction in female parasitoid size was observed during the initial generations of T. minutum reared in the smaller host (S. cerealella). However, this size reduction was not permanent. Following numerous generations in the S. cerealella host eggs, a significant increase in female parasitoid size was noted within the first generation of T. minutum reared in the spruce budworm host eggs.

Notes on the Biology of Synetaeris tenuifemur Walley (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Miller ◽  
T. R. Renault
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Green River ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
North Western

The species discussed below was first recorded under the name Synetaeris n. sp. as a parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., in Ontario by McGugan and Blais (1959), although they point out that it may have been collected from budworm in British Columbia during the 1940's but incorrectly identified at that time. These authors collected S. tenuifemur during the declining years of a budworm outbreak in the Lake Nipigon region of northwestern Ontario, and it was during the declining years of a severe outbreak that the parasite was first reared from budworm in the Green River area of north-western New Brunswick (Morris, 1963, in press). These data suggest that S. tenuifemur is associated with endemic budworm populations, an assumption advanced by McGugan and Blais (1959). However, it was not found in the Green River area from 1945 to 1947 when budworm density was at a low level prior to the 1949-1959 outbreak.

FIELD RELEASES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FOR SUPPRESSION OF EPIDEMIC SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), EGG POPULATIONS IN MAINE

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 1357-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Houseweart ◽  
Daniel T. Jennings ◽  
Robert K. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Multiple Releases ◽  
Better Than

AbstractTrichogramma minutum Riley was released in the field for suppression of epidemic spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), egg populations in Maine from 1977 to 1981. Commercially reared California-strain T. minutum were released from the ground at single-point sources in 1977. In 1978, using 4-point-source releases, we found that the native Maine-strain performed better than the California strain. In 1979, broadcast and multiple releases from the ground gave slight improvement in parasitism over 4-point releases. In 1981, three closely timed, aerially broadcast releases from a helicopter yielded increases in parasitism rates significantly higher than those in control plots, but not sufficient to suppress epidemic spruce budworm populations. Important variables and suggestions for future aerial releases are discussed.

Kairomone-mediated host finding by spruce budworm egg parasite,Trichogramma minutum

1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zaborski ◽  
P. E. A. Teal ◽  
J. E. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Egg Parasite ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum

THE EFFECTS OF ZECTRAN ON THE PARASITOIDS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Leonard ◽  
G. A. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Percentage Parasitism ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Absolute Population ◽  
Population Numbers

AbstractWhere the insecticide Zectran was used to protect foliage from feeding of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the per cent parasitism of dipteran parasitoids (Tachinidae) showed a statistically significant lower value. In treated areas, the per cent parasitism of the hymenopteran Ephialtes ontario (Cresson) (Ichneumonidae) was lower; Meteorus trachynotus Viereck was about the same; Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck, Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Braconidae), and Trichogramma minutum Riley (Trichogrammatidae) were greater. None of these differences was statistically significant. Results were consistent for the 2 years of study with the exception of E. ontario which showed a significant lower percentage parasitism in areas treated 1 year. Absolute population numbers of parasitoids were lower than is suggested by comparisons of apparent parasitism levels. The lowest absolute numbers were found in tachinids and E. ontario. Parasitic hymenopterans and dipterans were among the adult insects killed by the aerial application of Zectran but none of the species collected was a major spruce budworm parasitoid.

The Interaction of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the Parasite Apanteles fumiferanae Vier.

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 457-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Green River ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
The Subject

In the late 1940's significant increases in the population of the spruce budworm, worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), occurred in northern New Brunswick and culminated in a severe outbreak of this major forest pest. The outbreak has been the subject of intensive investigations dealing with emergency chemical control operations (Webb, 1956) and with a long-term study of the population dynamics of the budworm. The latter program, called the Green River Project, is located on the Green River Watershed in northwestern New Brunswick. Its objectives, the co-operating agencies involved, the mortality factors being studied, and methodology have been discussed elsewhere by Morris et al. (1956), Morris (1951), Morris and Miller (1954), and Morris (1955).

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