Study on Comparative Histology of Retinas in Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cynops orientalis, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Gekko japonicus, and Columba livia

Abstract Extant anurans (frogs and toads) exhibit reduced dentition, ranging from a lack of mandibular teeth to complete edentulation, as observed in the true toads of the family Bufonidae. The evolutionary timeline of these reductions remains vague due to a poor fossil record. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the lack of teeth in edentulous vertebrates and the pseudogenization of the major tooth enamel gene amelogenin (AMEL) through accumulation of deleterious mutations and the disruption of its coding sequence. In the present study we have harnessed the pseudogenization of AMEL as a molecular dating tool to correlate loss of dentition with genomic mutation patterns during the rise of the family Bufonidae. Specifically, we have utilized AMEL pseudogenes in three members of the family as a tool to estimate the putative date of edentulation in true toads. Comparison of AMEL sequences from Rhinella marina, Bufo gargarizans and Bufo bufo, with nine extant, dentulous frogs, revealed mutations confirming AMEL inactivation in Bufonidae. AMEL pseudogenes in modern bufonids also exhibited remarkably high 86–93% sequence identity among each other, with only a slight increase in substitution rate and relaxation of selective pressure, in comparison to functional copies in other anurans. Moreover, using selection intensity estimates and synonymous substitution rates, analysis of functional and pseudogenized AMEL resulted in an estimated inactivation window of 46-60 MYA in the lineage leading to modern true toads, a timeline that coincides with the rise of the family Bufonidae.

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Bufadienolides from the Eggs of the Toad Bufo bufo gargarizans and Their Antimelanoma Activities

Journal of Natural Products ◽

10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00840 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shi-wen Zhou ◽

Jing-yu Quan ◽

Zi-wei Li ◽

Ge Ye ◽

Zhuo Shang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bufo Bufo ◽

Bufo Gargarizans ◽

Toad Bufo ◽

Toad Bufo Bufo

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DETERMINATION OF EIGHT BUFADIENOLIDES IN THE SKIN OF BUFO BUFO GARGARIZANS CANTOR AND BUFO MELANOSTICTUS SCHNEIDER USING HPLC COUPLED WITH TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY

Journal of Liquid Chromatography &amp Related Technologies ◽

10.1080/10826076.2013.778636 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (8) ◽

pp. 1163-1175 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haiyu Zhao ◽

Xu Wu ◽

Hongjie Wang ◽

Bo Gao ◽

Jian Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bufo Bufo ◽

Triple Quadrupole ◽

Quadrupole Mass ◽

Bufo Melanostictus ◽

Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry ◽

Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bufo Gargarizans

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Bufogargarizins A and B: Two Novel 19-Norbufadienolides with Unprecedented Skeletons from the Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans

Chemistry - A European Journal ◽

10.1002/chem.201000847 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (36) ◽

pp. 10989-10993 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Hai-Yan Tian ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Xiao-Qi Zhang ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Dong-Mei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bufo Bufo ◽

Bufo Gargarizans

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Bufadienolides and polyhydroxycholestane derivatives from Bufo bufo gargarizans

Journal of Asian Natural Products Research ◽

10.1080/10286020.2014.995174 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 364-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yan-Min Wang ◽

Zong-Yun Li ◽

Jing-Jing Wang ◽

Xi-Yan Wu ◽

Hui-Min Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bufo Bufo ◽

Bufo Gargarizans

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Cloning, prokaryotic expression and function of the Bufo bufo gargarizans 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) gene

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules ◽

10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.165 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 ◽

pp. 673-682

Author(s):

Di Xu ◽

Mengyun Wu ◽

Xue Li ◽

Mingyu Xia ◽

Dongchun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prokaryotic Expression ◽

Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽

Bufo Bufo ◽

Bufo Gargarizans ◽

And Function

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Cinobufacini from the Skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Induces Apoptosis, Possibly via Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway, in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1801300221 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1801300

Author(s):

Xiu-cai Ma ◽

Hui-qiang Ding ◽

Jian-dang Shi ◽

Long Hei ◽

Ning-kui Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Cell Morphology ◽

Bufo Bufo ◽

Tunel Staining ◽

Osteosarcoma Cell ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Bufo Gargarizans ◽

Human Osteosarcoma Cells ◽

Induced Apoptosis ◽

Related Proteins

Cinobufacini (huachansu) is a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from the skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans, which is used in clinical cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways regulating cinobufacini-induced apoptosis in the osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS. We used 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the effects of cinobufacini on cell proliferation in U2OS cells. Changes in cell morphology and apoptosis were detected by TUNEL staining. The expression of apoptosis-related and Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins was detected by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Our data indicated that cinobufacini significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Marked changes in cell morphology and apoptosis rate were clearly observed after cinobufacini treatment. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated, and β-catenin expression was positive in cells after treatment. Further, protein expression of bax was increased, whereas bcl-2 was decreased, resulting in an increased bax/bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, after cinobufacini treatment, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins was similar to controls. Taken together, our study indicates that cinobufacini can induce apoptosis in U2OS cells, likely through activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

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