KEANEKARAGAMAN ORDO ANURA DIKEBUN KOPI DESA KARANG REJO KABUPATEN BENER MERIAH

Desa Karang Rejo memiliki ekosistem pegunungan teropis, yang terletak di kabupaten Bener Meriah. Beberapa kawasan Didesa Karang Rejo adalah perkebunan kopi milik masyarakat sekitar, terdapat beberapa jenis spesies katak di kebun kopi namun belum ada data mengenai keanekaragaman katak di kebun kopi tersebut, padahal katak sangat berperan dalam ekosistem tersebut. Salah satu komponen ekosistem yang memiliki peranan yang sangat penting bagi kelangsungan proses ekologi yaitu ordo anura karena hewan amfibi terutama pada tahap telur dan berudu sangat sensitif terhadap kerusakan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis kata di kebun kopi desa Karang Rejo Kbupaten Bener meriah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Karang Rejo Kabupaten Bener Meriah, pada tanggal 10-15 juni 2021. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan metode perjumpaan visual (visual Encounter survey). Hasil peneliian menunjukan terdapat 4 spesies dari 3 jenis spesies diantaranya spesies kodok kalong (Bufo melanostictus) dari Family Bufonidae dengan ciri-ciri tubuh sedikit bulat , kodok sawah (Fejervary cancrivora) dari family Ranidae dengan ciri khusus memiliki punggung berarna coklat licin , katak pohon (Polypedates leucomystax) dari family Rhacophoridae memiliki khas berpostur tubuh ramping kemudian kongkang siberut Pulchranacentropeninsularis) dan katak spesies terakhir Katak panggul (Limnonectes blythii) . Keanekaragaman Amfibi Ordo Anura yang terdapat di kebun kopi, Desa Karang Rejo Kabupaten Bener Meriah adalah rendah yaitu 0,4207

Perbandingan keanekaragaman jenis amfibi pada jalur Cikaweni dan Rasamala di PPKA Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan keanekaragaman jenis amfibi di Kawasan PPKA Bodogol Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Lido, Sukabumi. metode yang digunakan dlm penelitian ini adalah Visual Encounter Survey yang dilakukan pada jalur sukaweni dan jalur rasamala dengan Jenis data yang dikumpulkan pada table pengamatan yang memiliki komposisi nama jenis, jumlah individu, SVL (snout-vent length), aktivitas, waktu dan substrat saat spesies dijumpai, serta suhu dan temperature saat observasi dimulai dan berakhir. Pengolahan data dilakukan menggunakan indeks Shannon-Wiener, Eveness dan indeks similaritas. hasil yang kami dapatkan pd penelitian ini adalah 25 individu dengan 9 spesies yang berasal dari ordo anura. Terdapat 4 spesies yang ditemukan pada jalur cikaweni yaitu; Chalcorana calconata, Leptobrachium haseltii, Leptophryne borbonica dan Lymnonectes kuhlii yang dengan nilai keanekaragaman 1.14 dan nilai Indeks kemerataan 0.825 dan 6 spesies lainnnya ditemukan pada jalur rasamala, yaitu; Bufo melanostictus, Fajervarya sp, Leptobrachium haseltii, Megophrys montana Mirchohyla sp, dan Rhacophorus reinwardtii dengan nilai tingkat keanekaragaman 1,49 dan indeks kemerataan 0.833. hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua jalur termasuk kedalam kategori sedang tanpa ada spesies yang mendominasi. seangkan Indeks similaritas dari kedua jalur adalah 20% dengan hanya spesies Leptobrachium haseltii sebagai spesies yg terdapat di kedua jalur yang berarti kedua jalur memiliki tingkat similaritas yang rendah.

Influence of Toad Parotid Gland Secretion from Indian Toad (Bufo melanostictus) in Diabetic Rats: An Experimental Evidence of P-Glycoprotein Inhibition

The study was conducted to improve the oral bioavailability of glyburide (GLY) with Indian Toad Parotid Gland Secretions (TPGS). P-glycoprotein is an efflux transporter cellular protein and effluxes xenobiotics and drugs to the outside of cells lead to decreased concentration of drugs at the target site. P-gp inhibitors essentially increase the levels and there is a need for new P-gp inhibitors to develop for the improvement of the oral bioavailability of P-gp substrate drugs because the existing inhibitors have serious side effects. This study was aimed to describe the P-gp inhibitory action from TPGS, Bufo melanostictus, in diabetic rats by using glyburide as p-gp substrate. Acute toxicity studies showed 300 mg/kg as toxic dose and 50 mg/kg was selected as study dose according to OECD 423. LC-HRMS study conducted to identify the new compounds. Apparent permeability (Papp) was estimated by non-everted sac method (In Vitro) with rat jejunum and ileum to confirm the P-gp inhibitory activity of TPGS by using fexofenadine (FEX) as P-gp substrate. In in-vivo protocol rats grouped into 4 groups (n=6), the first one is normal, second diabetic, third GLY 30 mg/kg, and fourth group GLY+ TPGS, 50 mg/kg for the single and multiple-dose treatment study. The spectrometric analysis revealed the new compounds, and TPGS Papp (X10-6 cm/s) in rat jejunum and ileum was significantly increased from 2.0±0.1 to 6.4±0.3 and 1.2±0.3 to 3.0±0.3 respectively. Blood glucose concentration in rats more than 250 mg/dl were considered as diabetic and in single, multiple-dose interaction studies (SDI, MDI) the concentrations decreased from 140.0±2.0 and 122.0±2.2 µg/dl respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Cl and in SDI, MDI and significant increase of C max and AUC t and decrease of Cl was observed. The above results conclude that TPGS had the potential P-gp inhibitory activity and improved the oral bioavailability of GLY significantly. Subsequent experimentation is warranted to chemically characterize the compounds from TPGS as potential new P-gp inhibitors.

Habitat Characteristics and Amphibians Conservation in Lombok Island

The previous study stated that there are 12 species of Amphibians found in Lombok Island, Indonesia. Four of which are the endemic species of Lesser Sunda Islands, namely Oreophryne monticola, Limnonectes kadarsani, Limnonectes dammermani dan Hylarana florensis. However, the information regarding the habitat characteristic which supports animal survival is limited. This study aimed to explore the types of habitat characteristics according to amphibian diversity in the Island of Lombok. The survey study was conducted at 9 locations (3 of habitat type) from March to July 2016. The collected data includes species composition and a sum of individuals of species. Amphibian diversity was analyzed using relative abundance and the Shannon-Wiener index. This study revealed that the nonforest habitat type was appropriate for five species, while secondary and primary forest habitat type was appropriate for seven species. Diversity of species index directly proportional to a natural level of habitat (H’ Nonforest = 1.3; H’ Secondary Forest = 1.7; H’ Primary Forest = 1.8). The highest species abundance was Bufo melanostictus (23.9%), and the lowest species abundance was Oreophryne monticola (0.9%). According to the distribution and relative abundance, the species that require conservation priorities are Oreophryne monticola and Hylarana florensis.

Keanekaragaman Amphibi Di Areal Persawahan Kota Tondano Kabupaten Minahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

Persawahan merupakan habitat yang baik bagi kehidupan amphibi. Amphibi memiliki fungsi ekologis sebagai penyeimbang ekosistem dan sebagai bioindikator lingkungan. Penilitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman amphibi di areal persawahan Boleuvard Kota Tondano berdasarkan nilai indeks Shannon-Wiener. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Line Transect yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari-Desember 2018. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener pada transek satu H’ 0,782, transek dua H’1,208 dan transek tiga H’ 1,139. Berdasarkanhasilpenelitianterdapat lima spesies yang ditemukanya itu Bufo melanostictus, Rana cancrifora, Rana chalconota, Fejevarya limnocharis, dan Hylarana nicobariensis. Berdasarkan kategori indeks Shannon-wiener keanekaragaman amphibi di areal persawahan Tondano termasuk dalam kategori sedangRice fields are good habitat for amphibian life. Amphibians have an ecological function as a counterweight to ecosystems and as an environmental bioindicator. This research tries to analyze the amphibians in the Boleuvard rice field area of Tondano City based on the Shannon-Wiener index value. This study uses the Path Transect method which was carried out in January - December 2018. The index value of the Shannon-Wiener contribution to habitatone H '0,782, habitat two H'1,208 and habitat three H' 1,139. Based on the results of the study found five species found, namely Bufo melanostictus, Rana cancrifora, Rana chalconota, Fejevarya limnocharis, and Hylarana nicobariensis. Based on the Shannon-wiener index category the various amphibians in the Tondano rice field area are included in the medium category

KEANEKARAGAMAN AMPHIBIA DI KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

Amphibia is a vertebrate animal that lives in two realms: water and land. Amphibia consists of three orders, namely Caecilia, Caudata and Anura. Most amphibians have limbs such as limbs and fingers. This research aims to determine the extent of amphibian diversity that exists at the University Sam Ratulagi Manado campus based on the value of Shannon-Wiener index. The study used purposive sampling methods conducted in September-November 2017. Based on the research results there are six types of amphibia found namely, Peltophryne Lemur, Phrynoidis asper, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Bufo melanostictus, Bufo bankorensis, and Bufo Gargarizans. The most widely discovered amphibian is Phrynoidis asper and the fewest found is Bufo bankorensis. The diversity index of amphibians observed on the campus of Unsrat is included in the medium with the value of Indeks1,783.Keywords: Diversity, Amphibia.ABSTRAKAmphibia merupakan hewan bertulang belakang yang hidup di dua alam yaitu air dan darat. Amphibia terdiri dari tiga ordo, yaitu Caecilia, Caudata dan Anura. Sebagian besar amphibia mempunyai anggota gerak seperti tungkai dan jari-jari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat keanekaragaman amphibia yang ada di Kampus Universitas Sam Ratulagi Manado berdasarkan nilai indeks Shannon-Wiener. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang dilaksanakan pada bulan September-November 2017. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat enam jenis amphibia yang ditemukan yaitu, Peltophryne lemur, Phrynoidis asper, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Bufo melanostictus, Bufo bankorensis, dan Bufo gargarizans. Amphibia yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Phrynoidis asper dan yang paling sedikit ditemukan adalah Bufo bankorensis. Indeks keanekaragaman dari amphibia yang diamati terdapat di kampus Unsrat termasuk dalam kategori sedang dengan nilai indeks1,783.Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Amphibia.

Comparative Analysis of Hydrophilic Ingredients in Toad Skin and Toad Venom Using the UHPLC-HR-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS Methods Together with the Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Indolealkylamines

Toad skin and toad venom, as two kinds of Chinese medicine, are prepared from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider. However, they display distinct properties in traditional application, and the hydrophilic ingredients are the possible distinguishing chemicals between them. In this work, 36 and 22 hydrophilic components were characterized from toad skin and venom, respectively, by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS, including amino acids, nucleosides, polypeptides, and indolealkylamines (IAAs). Among them, 15 compounds were unambiguously confirmed by comparison with standards. The CID-MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of seven indolealkylamine references were investigated to ascertain three types of structures. Subsequently, 11 high abundance contents of hydrophilic ingredients were determined from 11 batches of toad skin and 4 batches of toad venom by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The quantitative results showed that the content of main IAAs in toad venom was much higher than in skin. In addition, the N-methyl serotonin (free IAA), bufothionine (combined IAA), and total IAAs sample were selected for anti-inflammatory evaluation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated zebrafish embryo models. The obvious anti-inflammatory activities of IAAs were observed, especially for the free IAAs. This study illustrated IAAs were the main distinct hydrophilic components that probably lead to the difference between toad skin and toad venom in traditional applications.