Comparing the perception with the reality of walking in a hilly environment: an accessibility method applied to a University campus in Hong Kong

The influence of hilliness on walking behavior could be a consequence of the real effect of the local topography, but individual perception of the difficulties associated with walking in a hilly environment may also be important. Previous studies have found that people’s perceptions do not necessarily match well with the realities of walking in hilly environments. There are a few methods that can be used to visualize the geography of that difference for use by urban planners and public health practitioners. A walking accessibility measure that allows comparison of perception and reality is proposed and implemented in this study. We note that difficulties in calculating accessibility measures in the present context arise primarily from problems with data quality, three-dimensional pedestrian network modelling and the adequacy of accessibility methods for describing and predicting walking behavior. We present practical strategies for addressing these issues using geographic information systems. Our method is illustrated by calculating accessibility for a hilly university campus in Hong Kong. Walking behaviors on, and people’s perceptions of, this hilly environment were obtained through walking diaries and a survey. The article concludes with suggested directions for the future development of walking accessibility measures along with some ideas about their applicability to the practice of planning and designing a walkable environment.

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Connecting the city: A three-dimensional pedestrian network of Hong Kong

Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science ◽

10.1177/2399808319847204 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 239980831984720 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Guibo Sun ◽

Chris Webster ◽

Xiaohu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Pedestrian Network ◽

The City

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Walkability scoring: Why and how does a three-dimensional pedestrian network matter?

Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science ◽

10.1177/2399808320977871 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 239980832097787

Author(s):

Jianting Zhao ◽

Guibo Sun ◽

Chris Webster

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Road Network ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Road Networks ◽

Scoring Systems ◽

Evaluation Systems ◽

Dimensional Network ◽

Raster Analysis ◽

Pedestrian Network ◽

Pedestrian Networks

Previous walkability scoring systems are all based on road networks, even though roads are not designed for pedestrians. To calculate an accurate walking score, we need pedestrian network data. This is especially the case in cities such as Hong Kong, where pedestrians are separated from vehicles by footbridges, underpasses or surface sidewalks. In this paper, we investigate why and how a three-dimensional pedestrian network makes a difference in walkability scoring, using Hong Kong as a case city. We developed a walkability scoring system based on networks and amenities, using multiple open-source programming platforms and languages. Separately, we calculated walkability scores (on a scale of 0–100) using the three-dimensional pedestrian network and road network of the city, comparing the differences between the two. A GIS raster analysis was conducted to extract walkability scoring differences from the two walkability surfaces, followed by a univariate linear model to examine how the scores were underestimated if without using the three-dimensional pedestrian network. Results show that streets were considered twice as walkable if rated by pedestrian network rather than road network. Walkability scores were 92% higher on average. The fitted model shows that the mean score underestimations were significantly different for different three-dimensional network elements. Surface sidewalks had an average underestimation of 33.75 (p < 0.001), footbridges and underground paths expanded the underestimations by 3.85 and 2.97 (both p < 0.001), respectively, and the linkages to footbridge and underground path enlarged the surface sidewalk underestimations by 2.68 and 4.92 (both p < 0.001). We suggest that walkability evaluation systems should be developed on pedestrian networks instead of road networks, especially for high-density cities.

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An unsteady three-dimensional eutrophication model in Tolo harbour, Hong Kong

Marine Pollution Bulletin ◽

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.02.015 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 51 (8-12) ◽

pp. 1078-1084 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K.W. Chau

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Tolo Harbour

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Three-dimensional network modelling of the influence of microstructure on mass transport in unsaturated soils

Geomechanics from Micro to Macro ◽

10.1201/b17395-161 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 901-906

Author(s):

I Athanasiadis ◽

S Wheeler ◽

P Grassl

Keyword(s):

Mass Transport ◽

Unsaturated Soils ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Network Modelling ◽

Dimensional Network

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A physical modeling approach for identification of source regions of primary and secondary air pollutants

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-6-6467-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 6467-6496 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. C. F. Lo ◽

A. K. H. Lau ◽

Z. B. Yuan ◽

J. C. H. Fung ◽

F. Chen

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Power Plants ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Regional Transport ◽

Meteorological Model ◽

Secondary Air Pollutants ◽

Secondary Air ◽

The Pearl River

Abstract. This paper describes a simple but practical methodology to identify the contribution of primary and secondary air pollutants from the local/regional emission sources to Hong Kong, a highly urbanized city with complex terrain and coastlines. The meteorological model MM5 coupled with a three-dimensional, mutli-particle trajectory model is used to identify salient aspects of regional air pollutant transport characteristics during some typical meteorological conditions over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Several weighting factors are determined for calculating the air mass/pollutant trajectory and are used to evaluate the local and regional contribution of primary pollutants over the PRD to Hong Kong pollution. The relationships between emission inventories, physical paths and chemical transformation rates of the pollutants, and observational measurements are formulated. The local and regional contributions of secondary pollutants are obtained by this conceptual module under different weather scenarios. Our results demonstrate that major pollution sources over Hong Kong come from regional transport. In calm-weather situations, 78% of the respirable suspended particulates (RSP) totals in Hong Kong are contributed by regional transport, and 49% are contributed by the power plants within the PRD. In normal-day situations, 71% of the RSP are contributed by regional transport, and 45% are contributed by the power plants.

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On the Same Skywalk in a Time of Pandemic: How a vulnerable group copes with the new conditions in Hong Kong

Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies ◽

10.21834/ajebs.v5i17.374 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (17) ◽

pp. 33-48

Author(s):

Caterina Villani ◽

Gianni Talamini ◽

Zhijian Hu

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Public Space ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Publishing House ◽

Domestic Workers ◽

High Density ◽

The Public ◽

Before And After ◽

Pedestrian Network ◽

International Publishing

The public space plays a crucial role in providing adequate infrastructure for vulnerable social groups in the context of high-density urban Asia. In this study, a well-known elevated pedestrian network in Hong Kong emerges as a revelatory case for the comparative analysis of the pattern of stationary uses before and after the COVID-19 pandemic out-break. Findings reveal a significant decrease (-20 %) in the total number of users and a shift in the pattern of activities, comprising a significant shrinkage of socially oriented uses and a vast increase of individual behaviors. This study advocates a responsive policymaking that considers the peculiar post-outbreak needs of migrant workers in Hong Kong and in high-density urban Asia Keywords: Covid-19; public space; migrant domestic workers; behavioural mapping eISSN 2514-751X © 2020 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians / Africans / Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajebs.v5i17.374

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Guanxi, Trust, and Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets

Journal of International Marketing ◽

10.1509/jimk.13.2.28.64860 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 28-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 243

Author(s):

Don Y. Lee ◽

Philip L. Dawes

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Chinese Culture ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Business Markets ◽

Latent Construct ◽

Chinese Business ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

This research focuses on buying firms’ trust in a supplier's salesperson and posits that this type of trust is determined by characteristics of the salesperson, the interpersonal relationships between a salesperson and the buying firm's boundary personnel, and characteristics of personal interactions between these two parties. More important, the authors discuss the concept of interpersonal relationships in the context of Chinese culture and model it as a three-dimensional latent construct, which, in some literature, is called guanxi. A key aspect of this research is that the authors investigate the impact of each dimension of guanxi on salesperson trust separately. Moreover, the authors consider the buying firm's trust in the supplying firm and its long-term orientation toward the supplier the consequences of salesperson trust. To test the model, the authors use data collected from 128 buying organizations in Hong Kong. The sampled firms are from both the government and private sectors.

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