scholarly journals Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II investigators

2013 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
M. Campanini
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Medium ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
The Right ◽  
D Dimer

BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal disease. Diagnosis is challenging for clinicians because clinical presentation is variable and there is no diagnostic test that combines sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity to be used alone in clinically suspected PE. AIM OF THE STUDY PIOPED II investigators have formulated recommendations for the diagnostic approach to patients with suspected PE based on randomized trials. METHODS Diagnostic work-up recommendations were formulated based on the results of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis II and outcomes studies. RESULTS In many patients that present the combination of low or moderate clinical probability with negative D-dimer PE can be safely excluded. In other patients with suspected PE and positive D-dimer a CT angiography in combination with CT venography is recommended. PIOPED II investigators have also formulated recommendations for patients with suspected PE and allergy to iodinated contrast medium, with impaired renal function, and for women at fertile age and during pregnancy. In patients with discordant findings between clinical assessment and CTA o CTA/CTV, and with segmental or sub-segmental EP, further evaluation may be necessary and the diagnosis should be re-assessed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS PIOPED II recommendations are of particular interest because consider, after the right clinical evaluation necessary for risk stratification of PE, the most recent, sensitive and specific imaging techniques for definitive diagnosis, such as CTA and CTV. D-dimer evaluation is recommended but, however, its low specificity is not underlined. The importance of combining CTA and CTV for a complete evaluation of the deep venous system is stated, but the difficulties of a routinary similar approach are not considered and alternative techniques, like compressive ultrasound and Colour Doppler ultrasound, are not proposed. The study faces also the issue of segmental and sub-segmental embolism, that presents a difficult clinical interpretation: the recommendations are, before starting the therapy, to re-evaluate and confirm the diagnosis, to avoid the risk of overtreatment.

Diagnosis: clinical prediction rules and laboratory tests

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 2758-2761
Author(s):  
Piotr Pruszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Prediction ◽  
Clinical Prediction Rules ◽  
Prediction Rules ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
D Dimer

Clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism (VTE) usually are non-specific. In order to facilitate proper diagnosis, clinical prediction rules were derived. The best studied models are the Wells criteria for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and the Geneva score for pulmonary embolism. They classify patients into different categories of clinical pretest VTE probability. Pulmonary embolism prevalence is approximately 10% in low-, 30% in moderate-, and up to 65% in high-probability categories. Plasma D-dimer levels are elevated in not only VTE but also in other conditions. A D-dimer assay should be used in combination with pretest VTE clinical probability. A normal high-sensitivity D-dimer level excludes pulmonary embolism in patients with low/intermediate or non-high VTE probability, while in the high probability category does not allow VTE to be safely excluded. Age-adjusted D-dimer thresholds (age × 10 μ‎g/L above 50 years) can limit the need for imaging methods without increasing the rate of missed diagnoses in non-high clinical probability patients.

Performance of five D-dimer assays for the exclusion of symptomatic distal leg vein thrombosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (02) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Schwonberg ◽  
Carola Hecking ◽  
Marc Schindewolf ◽  
Dimitrios Zgouras ◽  
Susanne Lehmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
Wells Score ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
Test Result ◽  
D Dimer ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Compression Ultrasonography

SummaryThe diagnostic value of D-dimer (DD) in the exclusion of proximal deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is well-established but is less well-known in the exclusion of distal (infrapopliteal) DVT. Therefore, we evaluated the diagnostic abilities of five DD assays (Vidas-DD, Liatest-DD, HemosIL-DD, HemosIL-DDHS, Innovance-DD) for excluding symptomatic proximal and distal leg DVT. A total of 243 outpatients whose symptoms were suggestive of DVT received complete compression ultrasonography (cCUS) of the symptomatic leg(s). The clinical probability of DVT (PTP) was assessed by Wells score. Thirty-eight proximal and 31 distal DVTs (17 tibial/fibular DVTs, 14 muscle DVTs) were diagnosed by cCUS. Although all assays showed high sensitivity for proximal DVT (range 97–100%), the sensitivity was poor for distal DVT (range 78–93%). None of the assays were individually able to rule out all DVTs as a stand-alone test (negative predictive value [NPV] 91–96%). However, a negative DD test result combined with a low PTP exhibited a NPV of 100% for all DVTs (including proximal, tibial/fibular, and muscle DVTs) with the HemosIL-DDHS and Innovance-DD. All proximal and tibial/fibular DVTs, but not all muscle DVTs, could be ruled out with this strategy using the Liatest-DD and Vidas-DD. The HemosIL-DD could not exclude distal leg DVT, even in combination with a low PTP. The combination of a negative DD with a low PTP showed a specificity of 32–35% for all DVTs. In conclusion, our study shows that when used in conjunction with a low PTP some DD assays are useful tools for the exclusion of distal leg DVT.

scholarly journals Wells’ Score in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism in Patient with Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-285
Author(s):  
Dragan Panic ◽  
Andreja Todorovic ◽  
Milica Stanojevic ◽  
Violeta Iric Cupic
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Acute Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Pretest Probability ◽  
Clinical Prediction ◽  
Clinical Prediction Rules ◽  
Prediction Rules ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
Wells Score ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Current diagnostic workup of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) usually starts with the assessment of clinical pretest probability, using clinical prediction rules and plasma D-dimer measurement. Although an accurate diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients is thus of crucial importance, the diagnostic management of suspected PE is still challenging. A 60-year-old man with chest pain and expectoration of blood was admitted to the Department of Cardiology, General Hospital in Cuprija, Serbia. After physical examination and laboratory analyses, the diagnosis of Right side pleuropne monia and acute pulmonary embolism was established. Clinically, patient was hemodynamically stable, auscultative slightly weaker respiratory sound right basal, without pretibial edema. Laboratory: C-reactive protein (CRP) 132.9 mg/L, Leukocytes (Le) 18.9x109/L, Erythrocytes (Er) 3.23x1012/L, Haemoglobin (Hgb) 113 g/L, Platelets (Plt) 79x109/L, D-dimer 35.2. On the third day after admission, D-dimer was increased and platelet count was decreased (Plt up to 62x109/L). According to Wells’ rules, score was 2.5 (without symptoms on admission), a normal clinical finding with clinical manifestation of hemoptysis and chest pain, which represents the intermediate level of clinical probability of PE. After the recidive of PE, Wells’ score was 6.5. In summary, this study suggests that Wells’ score, based on a patient’s risk for pulmonary embolism, is a valuable guidance for decision-making in combination with knowledge and experience of clinicians. Clinicians should use validated clinical prediction rules to estimate pretest probability in patients in whom acute PE is being consiered.

Comparison of the age-adjusted and clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer to exclude pulmonary embolism in the ED

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Sharif ◽  
Michelle Eventov ◽  
Clive Kearon ◽  
Sameer Parpia ◽  
Meirui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
D Dimer

Diagnostic management of pulmonary embolism using clinical assessment, plasma D-dimer assay, complete lower limb venous ultrasound and helical computed tomography of pulmonary arteries

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (05) ◽  
pp. 982-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Cazanave ◽  
Marie Elias ◽  
Valérie Chabbert ◽  
Henri Juchet ◽  
Hélène Paradis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Helical Computed Tomography ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
D Dimer

SummaryThe objective of the study was to assess the clinical validity of a non-invasive diagnostic strategy for acute pulmonary embolism using clinical assessment combined with both ELISA D-dimer and complete lower limb ultrasound (US) examination of proximal and distal veins, before single-detector helical computed tomography (CT) of pulmonary arteries. We expected the strategy to have a high diagnostic exclusion power and to safely decrease the number of CT scans. This prospective, multicenter outcome study included 274 consecutive outpatients. All underwent a priori clinical probability, D-dimer and bilateral complete lower limb US assessments. Only patients with a high clinical probability and both tests negative, or positive D-dimer and negative US assessments, underwent CT. This was deemed necessary in 114 patients (42%). At baseline, venous thromboembolism (VTE) was detected in 110 patients (40%), either by US showing proximal (n=65) or distal (n=36) thrombosis, or by CT (n=9). Anticoagulant was withheld in the remaining patients with negative results in both D-dimer and US but a non-high clinical probability (n=59), or in both US and CT (n=90), or with negative US (n=6) and inadequate CT (n=9). All patients underwent a three-month clinical follow-up. VTE occurred in one patient with inadequate CT, yielding an incidence of 0.6% [95% confidence interval: 0.1–3.4]. No patient died from VTE or had major bleeding. Using clinical probability, ELISA D-dimer and complete US before helical CT is a safe strategy resulting in a substantial reduction in CT scans.

scholarly journals P113: Comparison of age-adjusted and clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer for diagnosing pulmonary embolism

CJEM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
pp. S116
Author(s):  
S. Sharif ◽  
C. Kearon ◽  
M. Li ◽  
M. Eventov ◽  
R. Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
Negative Rate ◽  
Wells Score ◽  
Acute Pe ◽  
D Dimer

Introduction: Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department can be challenging due to non-specific signs and symptoms; this often results in the over-utilization of CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PA). In 2013, the American College of Chest Physicians identified CT-PA as one of the top five avoidable tests. Age-adjusted D-dimer has been shown to decrease CT utilization rates. Recently, clinical-probability adjusted D-dimer has been promoted as an alternative strategy to reduce CT scanning. The aim of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of the age-adjusted D-dimer rule and the clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer rule in Canadian ED patients tested for PE. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of ED patients investigated for PE at two hospitals from April 2013 to March 2015 (24 months). Inclusion criteria were the ED physician ordered CT-PA, Ventilation-Perfusion (VQ) scan or D-dimer for investigation of PE. Patients under the age of 18 were excluded. PE was defined as CT/VQ diagnosis of acute PE or acute PE/DVT in 30-day follow-up. Trained researchers extracted anonymized data. The age-adjusted D-dimer and the clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer rules were applied retrospectively. The rate of CT/VQ imaging and the false negative rates were calculated. Results: In total, 1,189 patients were tested for PE. 1,129 patients had a D-dimer test and a Wells score less than 4.0. 364/1,129 (32.3%, 95%CI 29.6-35.0%) would have undergone imaging for PE if the age-adjusted D-dimer rule was used. 1,120 patients had a D-dimer test and a Wells score less than 6.0. 217/1,120 patients (19.4%, 95%CI 17.2-21.2%) would have undergone imaging for PE if the clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer rule was used. The false-negative rate for the age-adjusted D-dimer rule was 0.3% (95%CI 0.1-0.9%). The false-negative rate of the clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer was 1.0% (95%CI 0.5-1.9%). Conclusion: The false-negative rates for both the age-adjusted D-dimer and clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer are low. The clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer results in a 13% absolute reduction in CT scanning compared to age-adjusted D-dimer.

Comparison of the clinical usefulness of two quantitative D-Dimer tests in patients with a low clinical probability of Pulmonary Embolism

2009 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Karami Djurabi ◽  
F.A. Klok ◽  
M. Nijkeuter ◽  
K. Kaasjager ◽  
P.W. Kamphuisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Clinical Usefulness ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
D Dimer
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