scholarly journals L'Ordinanza del Tribunale di Bologna (29 giugno 2009) in tema di diagnosi genetica preimpianto nel contesto della giurisprudenza sulla Legge 40/2004

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Casini ◽  
Emma Traisci ◽  
Silvia Bosio
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Screening ◽  
Preimplantation Genetic Screening ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
New Born ◽  
Medically Assisted Procreation ◽  
Assisted Procreation ◽  
The Law

L’Ordinanza del Tribunale di Bologna in tema di procreazione medicalmente assistita rappresenta una triste tappa della riflessione giuridica e della prassi medica. Essa infatti autorizza la diagnosi genetica preimpianto sugli embrioni umani contribuendo allo scardinamento della Legge 40 del 2004. Il presupposto di tale decisione risiede sia in una precedente contraddittoria giurisprudenza ordinaria e amministrativa in materia, sia sulla sentenza costituzionale n. 151 del 2009. È quest’ultima, infatti, per la natura dell’organo e per la portata delle sue decisioni, che più di ogni altra pronuncia ha vanificato l’apprezzabile sforzo della Legge 40 di tutelare i diritti del concepito. Per questo, concludono gli Autori non c’è che da rafforzare il punto più indebolito: il riconoscimento generale del concepito come soggetto, in vista del quale sarebbe fortemente auspicabile la modifica dell’articolo 1 del Codice civile. ---------- The Bolognese Court’s ordinance on the medically assisted procreation represents a sad stage of the legal reflection and of medicine. In fact, it allows the preimplantation genetic screening on human embryos, leading to in the unhinging of the Law 40/2004. The assumption of such decision is based both on a contradictory ordinary and administrative case-law and on the constitutional decision n. 151 of 2009. In fact, it made the appreciable effort of the Law 40 to protect the rights of new borns fruitless, because of its nature and the importance of its decisions. For this reason, according to the Authors, the weal point has to be reinforced: the general acknowledgment of new born subject, for which changing the article 1 of the Civil Code would be strongly desirable.

Formation of Contract and Third Parties in Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ly Tayseng
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Formal Requirements

This chapter gives an overview of the law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Cambodia. Much of the discussion is tentative since the new Cambodian Civil Code only entered into force from 21 December 2011 and there is little case law and academic writing fleshing out its provisions. The Code owes much to the Japanese Civil Code of 1898 and, like the latter, does not have a requirement of consideration and seldom imposes formal requirements but there are a few statutory exceptions from the principle of freedom from form. For a binding contract, the agreement of the parties is required and the offer must be made with the intention to create a legally binding obligation and becomes effective once it reaches the offeree. The new Code explicitly provides that the parties to the contract may agree to confer a right arising under the contract upon a third party. This right accrues directly from their agreement; it is not required that the third party declare its intention to accept the right.

Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties in Japan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masami Okino
Keyword(s):  
Case Analysis ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
German Model ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Law

This chapter discusses the law on third party beneficiaries in Japan; mostly characterized by adherence to the German model that still bears an imprint on Japanese contract law. Thus, there is neither a doctrine of consideration nor any other justification for a general doctrine of privity, and contracts for the benefit of third parties are generally enforceable as a matter of course. Whether an enforceable right on the part of a third party is created is simply a matter of interpretation of the contract which is always made on a case-by-case analysis but there are a number of typical scenarios where the courts normally find the existence (or non-existence) of a contract for the benefit of a third party. In the recent debate on reform of Japanese contract law, wide-ranging suggestions were made for revision of the provisions on contracts for the benefit of third parties in the Japanese Civil Code. However, it turned out that reform in this area was confined to a very limited codification of established case law.

Law of Torts

Japanese Law ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 191-211
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Oda
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Tort Liability ◽  
The Law ◽  
General Provision

Tort is part of the Law of Obligations. Provisions on tort liability are found in Book Three, the Law of Obligations, of the Civil Code. There is only a single general provision on tort. The legislature expected rules to develop out of case law. A person who intentionally or negligently infringes upon others’ right or interests protected There is a body of case law which sets out details of tort law such as causation and fault. There have been cases where the shift of the burden of proof was at issue.　

Zawezwanie do próby ugodowej. Brak skutku przedawnienia terminu przedawnienia

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (0) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Jerzy Akińcza
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Uncertainty ◽  
The Law

An important problem of practical application of the law is invalid perpetuated judicial practice. It connects call for mediation with art. 184 of the Civil Code, with the effects of limitations of art. 123 § 1 of the Civil Code. Summoning to a conciliation hearing isn’t directly aimed at the fulfillment of the provision, therefore cannot be identified with legal transactions, to be determined content of 123 § 1 of the Civil Code. Practice currently carried out in the case law leads to a prolonged state of legal uncertainty, actual creditor victimization and denying institutions of antiquity.

scholarly journals Accuracy of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is compromised by degree of mosaicism of human embryos

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Gleicher ◽  
◽  
Andrea Vidali ◽  
Jeffrey Braverman ◽  
Vitaly A. Kushnir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Screening ◽  
Preimplantation Genetic Screening ◽  
Human Embryos

scholarly journals The concept of proper quality of construction works in lithuanian construction law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigitas Mitkus
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Construction Law ◽  
Construction Works

The article analyses the concept of proper quality of construction works in law of the Republic of Lithuania. The analysis covers the quality requirements laid down in the Law on Construction, the Civil Code and case law. The article also defines and analyses the main categories used in Lithuanian law to characterise the quality of construction works, in particular, compliance with the standard quality of a construction works, compliance with the quality requirements set in contract documents, compliance with the requirements ordinarily presented for work of the respective nature, and fitness for use in accordance with its designation within the limits of a reasonable period.

Der Arzt im Konflikt zwischen Fehleroffenbarungspflicht und Selbstbelastungsfreiheit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Medical Errors ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Medical Negligence ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
Patients Rights ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Law ◽  
Treatment Contract

For a long time, there was a diffuse body of opinion in the literature and case law regarding the physician's duty to disclose medical errors. With the entry into force of the Patients' Rights Act 2013, further discussion has become superfluous. In the course of the law reform, a corresponding right of the patient to information under the treatment contract was included in the German Civil Code. However, given the earlier controversy on this issue, it is hardly surprising that it is one of the most controversial provisions of the Patients' Rights Act. In addition to clarifying a number of legal uncertainties, the paper also provides a constitutional review of this provision as well as alternative incentives for dealing openly with medical negligence.

Preimplantation genetic screening of human embryos by PCR using an alternative non commercial method

2002 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. S184
Author(s):  
Beatriz Xoconostle ◽  
Roberto Ruiz ◽  
Alexandra Bermudez ◽  
Silvio Cuneo ◽  
Concepcion Yerena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Screening ◽  
Preimplantation Genetic Screening ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Commercial Method

scholarly journals Il decreto della corte di Appello di Milano sul caso Englaro e la richiesta di una legge sul c.d. testamento biologico

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Casini ◽  
M. Casini ◽  
E. Traisci ◽  
M.L. Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Living Will ◽  
Medically Assisted Procreation ◽  
Incurable Disease ◽  
Assisted Procreation ◽  
Life Sustaining Treatment ◽  
Nutrition And Hydration ◽  
The Law

Il 9 luglio 2008, la Prima Sezione Civile della Corte d’Appello di Milano si è pronunciata sulla vicenda di Eluana Englaro, autorizzando nei confronti della donna l’“interruzione del trattamento di sostegno vitale artificiale (…) realizzato mediante alimentazione e idratazione con sondino nasogastrico”. Il recente decreto è l’esito di una lunga vicenda giudiziaria che si è dipanata attraverso nove decisioni pronunciate tra il 1999 ed il 2008. Il contributo ripercorre la vicenda conducendo un’analisi di questa giurisprudenza, da cui emergono alcuni aspetti connessi alla richiesta di una legge sul “testamento biologico” (o, come altrimenti definito, “direttive anticipate” o “dichiarazioni anticipate di trattamento”): il rifiuto della vita gravemente “debilitata” e della responsabilità verso l’altro nei momenti di massima fragilità. Gli Autori mettono in relazione la situazione dell’ordinamento giuridico italiano attuale con riguardo ai temi di fine vita con la situazione dell’ordinamento giuridico prima dell’approvazione della legge sulla procreazione medicalmente assistita e prima dell’approvazione della legge sull’interruzione volontaria di gravidanza. La via da percorrere – si afferma nel contributo – non è quella di una legge che introduca un indebolimento del principio di indisponibilità della vita umana, ma – semmai – quella di una legge che tuteli la vita umana in condizioni di malattia inguaribile o di grande disabilità; ribadendo il principio fondamentale – e cardine della moderna idea dei diritti umani – di indisponibilità della vita umana sempre e comunque degna del massimo rispetto e sostegno e incentivando ogni forma di assistenza con una grande attenzione ai bisogni del malato e delle famiglie. ---------- On July 9, 2008, the First Civil Section of the Court of Appeal of Milan has pronounced on Eluana Englaro’s case, authorizing “the termination of the life-sustaining treatment (…) implemented through nutrition and hydration by nasogastric tube” for her. The recent decree is the outcome of a long legal story that has unwound through nine decisions between 1999 and 2008. The contribution deals with the story, conducting an analysis of this case, from which some aspects related to the request of laws on “living will” emerge: refuse of the seriously “weakened” life and of the responsibility for other persons at the moments of greatest weakness. The authors link the situation of current Italian legal system with reference to end of life themes to the situation of legal system before the law on medically assisted procreation and before the law on the voluntary termination of pregnancy. The way should be covered – the work asserts – is not to support a law that introduces the weakening of the principle of unavailability of human life, but – if anything – to support a law that protects human life in incurable disease heavy disability conditions; confirming the fundamental principle – basis of the modern idea of human rights – the unavailability of human life, always worthy of highest respect and support, encouraging all forms of care and with great attention for the needs of sick persons and families.

Verkehrshypothek und Sicherungsgrundschuld

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovanka Gehrenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ◽  
Debtor Protection

The creation of § 1192, para. 1a of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (Germany’s civil code) through the Risk Limitation Act (Risikobegrenzungsgesetz) has gradually improved the opportunities for material debtors to object to land charges. In contrast, the law relating to mortgages has remained unchanged with the result that it has in part lost its model character. This study first presents the similarities and differences between mortgages and land charges with regard to the justification of obtaining credit security and then focuses in detail on the opportunities to object to the use of in rem jurisdiction before and after the Risk Limitation Act came into effect. In doing so, the study explains the developments in case law in this regard and alternatives to the creation of § 1192, para. 1a of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, and in conclusion addresses the question of improving debtor protection.

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