Objectives. To investigate whether the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene polymorphisms is associated with unexplained mild visual impairment (UMVI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. A total of 135 T2DM residents with UMVI and 133 with normal vision (NV; best-corrected visual acuity ≥ 20/25 in both eyes) were enrolled. UMVI was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) < 20/25 and ≥ 20/63 in both eyes, with no visual impairment-causing diseases found. Four PPARG gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3856806, rs1801282, rs709158, and rs10865710) were assessed with the HAPLOVIEW 4.0 software to examine the statistical association of PPARG polymorphisms and UMVI in patients with T2DM. Results. Four SNPs qualified the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The frequency of genotype GC at SNP rs10865710 was significantly higher in the UMVI group than in the NV group (p<0.001; GG + GC versus CC) (OR = 8.94, 95% CI: 4.90–16.31), whereas genotype CC decreased the risk (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03–0.14). Genotype TT at SNP rs3856806 was strongly associated with UMVI (p<0.0001, TT + TC versus CC) (OR = 4.74, 95% CI: 2.68–8.54), whereas genotype CC appeared to be protective for UMVI (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37–0.82). Conclusions. Susceptibilities of PPARG variants may lead to differences in PPARG transcription, result in early function loss of retinal photoreceptor cells, and eventually cause UMVI.
Relation between increased anaerobic glycolysis and visual acuity in long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy
