Co-existing retinal pathologies: Diagnostic challenges in diabetic retinopathy

Retinal vessels ID means to isolate the distinctive retinal configuration issues, either wide or restricted from fundus picture foundation, for example, optic circle, macula, and unusual sores. Retinal vessels recognizable proof investigations are drawing in increasingly more consideration today because of pivotal data contained in structure which is helpful for the identification and analysis of an assortment of retinal pathologies included yet not restricted to: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, hypertension, and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). With the advancement of right around two decades, the inventive methodologies applying PC supported systems for portioning retinal vessels winding up increasingly significant and coming nearer. Various kinds of retinal vessels segmentation strategies discussed by using Deep Learning methods. At that point, the pre-processing activities and the best in class strategies for retinal vessels distinguishing proof are presented.

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Relevance of Peptide Homeostasis in Metabolic Retinal Degenerative Disorders: Curative Potential in Genetically Modified Mice

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.808315 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Etelka Pöstyéni ◽

Alma Ganczer ◽

Andrea Kovács-Valasek ◽

Robert Gabriel

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

Current Status ◽

Signal Molecules ◽

Single Element ◽

Retinal Disorders ◽

Intracellular Pathways ◽

Retinal Pathologies

The mammalian retina contains approximately 30 neuropeptides that are synthetized by different neuronal cell populations, glia, and the pigmented epithelium. The presence of these neuropeptides leaves a mark on normal retinal molecular processes and physiology, and they are also crucial in fighting various pathologies (e.g., diabetic retinopathy, ischemia, age-related pathologies, glaucoma) because of their protective abilities. Retinal pathologies of different origin (metabolic, genetic) are extensively investigated by genetically manipulated in vivo mouse models that help us gain a better understanding of the molecular background of these pathomechanisms. These models offer opportunities to manipulate gene expression in different cell types to help reveal their roles in the preservation of retinal health or identify malfunction during diseases. In order to assess the current status of transgenic technologies available, we have conducted a literature survey focused on retinal disorders of metabolic origin, zooming in on the role of retinal neuropeptides in diabetic retinopathy and ischemia. First, we identified those neuropeptides that are most relevant to retinal pathologies in humans and the two clinically most relevant models, mice and rats. Then we continued our analysis with metabolic disorders, examining neuropeptide-related pathways leading to systemic or cellular damage and rescue. Last but not least, we reviewed the available literature on genetically modified mouse strains to understand how the manipulation of a single element of any given pathway (e.g., signal molecules, receptors, intracellular signaling pathways) could lead either to the worsening of disease conditions or, more frequently, to substantial improvements in retinal health. Most attention was given to studies which reported successful intervention against specific disorders. For these experiments, a detailed evaluation will be given and the possible role of converging intracellular pathways will be discussed. Using these converging intracellular pathways, curative effects of peptides could potentially be utilized in fighting metabolic retinal disorders.

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Influence of Segmental Supply of Cilioretinal Artery on Morphology of Diabetic Macular Edema

10.21203/rs.2.21876/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rehana Khan ◽

Mahesh Shanmugam ◽

Rajesh Ramanjulu ◽

Jay Chablani ◽

Niharika Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Macular Edema ◽

Diabetic Macular Edema ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Central Area ◽

Fundus Fluorescein Angiography ◽

Cilioretinal Artery ◽

Temporal Quadrant ◽

Retinal Pathologies

Abstract Background: The supply of Cilioretinal artery (CRA) to different layers of retina influences retinal pathologies like diabetic retinopathy. Since the supply of CRA is segmental, Our aim is to analyze the location of CRA) with non center-involving and center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) and to evaluate the supply of CRA with segments of macular edema based on Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale using optical coherence tomography (OCT).Design: Retrospective studyMethods: A retrospective study in which forty-three patients at various stages of diabetic retinopathy with the presence of CRA were identified. Presence and location of CRA was recognized using fundus fluorescein angiography. Classification of DME was based on ETDRS subfields on OCT.Results: Evaluation of 26 men and 17 women of various groups of diabetic retinopathy revealed unilateral CRA in 40 subjects and bilateral CRA in 3 subjects. When CRA supplied the central area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the temporal quadrant (271.67±164.02 mm) and had non center-involving DME (194.87±121.06 mm), when CRA supplied the lower area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the superior quadrant (293.64±159.36 mm) and had center-involving DME (395±285.75 mm), and when it supplied the upper area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the nasal quadrant (293.49±176.18mm) with center-involving DME (292±192.79 mm).Conclusion: The presence of CRA seems to alter the morphology and influences the segment involved in DME. However, further studies with larger sample size are warranted to prove this association.

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Influence of Segmental Supply of Cilioretinal Artery on Morphology of Diabetic Macular Edema

10.21203/rs.2.21876/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rajiv Raman ◽

Rehana Khan ◽

Mahesh Shanmugam ◽

Rajesh Ramanjulu ◽

Jay Chablani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Macular Edema ◽

Diabetic Macular Edema ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Central Area ◽

Fundus Fluorescein Angiography ◽

Cilioretinal Artery ◽

Temporal Quadrant ◽

Retinal Pathologies

Abstract Background The supply of Cilioretinal artery (CRA) to different layers of retina influences retinal pathologies like diabetic retinopathy. Since the supply of CRA is segmental, Our aim is to analyze the location of CRA) with non center-involving and center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) and to evaluate the supply of CRA with segments of macular edema based on Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Retrospective study Methods and Materials A retrospective study in which forty-three patients at various stages of diabetic retinopathy with the presence of CRA were identified. Presence and location of CRA was recognized using fundus fluorescein angiography. Diabetic retinopathy was graded based on ETDRS classification using OCT. Results Evaluation of 26 men and 17 women of various groups of diabetic retinopathy revealed unilateral CRA in 40 subjects and bilateral CRA in 3 subjects. When CRA supplied the central area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the temporal quadrant (271.67±164.02 μm) and had noncenter-involving DME (194.87±121.06 μm), when CRA supplied the lower area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the superior quadrant (293.64±159.36 μm) and had center-involving DME (395±285.75 μm), and when it supplied the upper area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the nasal quadrant (293.49±176.18μm) with center-involving DME (292±192.79 μm). Conclusion The presence of CRA seems to alter the morphology and influences the segment involved in DME. However, further studies with larger sample size are warranted to prove this association.

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The Evolution of Retinal Laser Technology and Retinal Photocoagulation as Therapeutic Modality

European Ophthalmic Review ◽

10.17925/eor.2012.06.03.185 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 06 (03) ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kfir Azoulay ◽

Pazit Pianka ◽

Anat Loewenstein ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Diabetic Macular Oedema ◽

Therapeutic Modality ◽

Ocular Tissue ◽

Pharmacological Agents ◽

Retinal Tissue ◽

Laser Systems ◽

Technological Platform ◽

Photocoagulation Laser ◽

Retinal Pathologies

The effect of thermal insult to ocular tissue was first recorded in Western literature over two millennia ago. During the early scientific period and the ensuing eras, our understanding of this phenomenon, as well as our ability to accurately deliver dose-controlled therapeutic thermal energy to retinal tissue, have improved greatly. Since their commercial introduction in 1970, ophthalmic photocoagulation laser systems have been playing a cardinal role in the treatment and/or management of various ocular pathologies, predominantly though not limited to, retinal pathologies. Seminal studies, such as the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), have solidified the role of such tools in the ophthalmologist’s therapeutic armamentarium; and to this day, as either stand-alone treatment or in combination with pharmacological agents, retinal laser therapy is recognised as the ‘gold standard’ for treating diabetic macular oedema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The continuous elucidation of the role that the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) plays in the emergence of retinal pathologies has prompted researchers and clinicians to further investigate selective RPE treatments – featuring significantly reduced or altogether devoid of collateral thermal damage to inner neural retinal structures with limited regenerative capacity. The convergence of electronic dosimetry, diagnostics imaging and new therapeutic laser modalities into a singular entity may serve as the technological platform for successfully employing such therapies in the near future.

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Differential Responses of Neural Retina Progenitor Populations to Chronic Hyperglycemia

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10113265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 3265

Author(s):

Nicole Schmitner ◽

Christina Recheis ◽

Jakob Thönig ◽

Robin A. Kimmel

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Homozygous Mutation ◽

Retinal Injury ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Müller Glial Cell ◽

Slow Cycling ◽

Glial Cell Proliferation ◽

Retinal Pathologies ◽

Rod And Cone Photoreceptors

Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent complication of longstanding diabetes, which comprises a complex interplay of microvascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration. Zebrafish harboring a homozygous mutation in the pancreatic transcription factor pdx1 display a diabetic phenotype with survival into adulthood, and are therefore uniquely suitable among zebrafish models for studying pathologies associated with persistent diabetic conditions. We have previously shown that, starting at three months of age, pdx1 mutants exhibit not only vascular but also neuro-retinal pathologies manifesting as photoreceptor dysfunction and loss, similar to human diabetic retinopathy. Here, we further characterize injury and regenerative responses and examine the effects on progenitor cell populations. Consistent with a negative impact of hyperglycemia on neurogenesis, stem cells of the ciliary marginal zone show an exacerbation of aging-related proliferative decline. In contrast to the robust Müller glial cell proliferation seen following acute retinal injury, the pdx1 mutant shows replenishment of both rod and cone photoreceptors from slow-cycling, neurod-expressing progenitors which first accumulate in the inner nuclear layer. Overall, we demonstrate a diabetic retinopathy model which shows pathological features of the human disease evolving alongside an ongoing restorative process that replaces lost photoreceptors, at the same time suggesting an unappreciated phenotypic continuum between multipotent and photoreceptor-committed progenitors.

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Localization of the Optic Disc in Retinal Fundus Image using Appearance Based Method andVasculature Convergence

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2020.61.1.18 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 164-170

Author(s):

Suha Dh. Athab ◽

Nassir H. Selman

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Optic Disc ◽

Computation Time ◽

Basic Step ◽

Retinal Fundus Image ◽

Average Computation Time ◽

Fully Automatic ◽

Average Success Rate ◽

Retinal Pathologies ◽

Retinal Fundus

Optic Disc (OD) localization is a basic step for the screening, identification and appreciation of the risk of diverse ophthalmic pathologies such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.In fact, the fundamental step towards an exact OD segmentation process is the success of OD localization. This paper proposes a fully automatic procedure for OD localization based on two of the OD most relevant features of high-intensity value and vasculature convergence. Merging ofthese two features renders the proposed method capable of localizing the OD within the variously complicated environments such as the faint disc boundary, unbalanced shading, and the existence of retinal pathologies like cotton wall and exudates,which usually share the same color and structure with the OD. To demonstrate the robustness, reliability and broad applicability of the proposed approach,we tested 1614 images from publically available datasets, including Messidor (1200 images), TheStandard Diabetic,Retinopathy Database (DIARETDB0 ,130 images), Digital Retinal,Images for Optic Nerve,Segmentation (DRIONS ,110 images), TheStandard Diabetic,Retinopathy Database (DIARETDB1,89 images),High,Resolution Fundus (HRF,45 images),and Digital,Retinal Image for Vessels,Extraction (DRIVE,40 images). The method successfully localized 1599 images and failed in 15 images, with an average success rate of 99.07% and an average computation time of 0.5 second per image.

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Influence of segmental supply of Cilioretinal artery on morphology of diabetic macular edema

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-021-01812-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rehana Khan ◽

Mahesh Shanmugam ◽

Rajesh Ramanjulu ◽

Jay Chablani ◽

Niharika Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Macular Edema ◽

Diabetic Macular Edema ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Central Area ◽

Fundus Fluorescein Angiography ◽

Cilioretinal Artery ◽

Temporal Quadrant ◽

Retinal Pathologies

Abstract Background The supply of Cilioretinal artery (CRA) to different layers of the retina influences retinal pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). Since the supply of CRA is segmental, our aim was to analyze the location of CRA with respect to non – center involving diabetic macular edema (DME) differentiated by various segments and center involving DME based on Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods A retrospective study was conducted in which forty-three patients with various stages of DR and the presence of CRA were identified. Presence and location of CRA was recognized using fundus fluorescein angiography. Classification of DME was based on ETDRS subfields on OCT. Results Evaluation of 26 men and 17 women with varying degrees of severity involving DR revealed the presence of unilateral CRA in 40 subjects and bilateral CRA in 3 subjects. When CRA supplied the central area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the temporal quadrant (271.67 ± 164.02 μm) along with non - center involving DME (194.87 ± 121.06 μm); when CRA supplied the lower area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the superior quadrant (293.64 ± 159.36 μm) along with center involving DME (395 ± 285.75 μm) and when it supplied the upper area, maximum retinal thickness was noted at the nasal quadrant (293.49 ± 176.18 μm) along with center involving DME (292 ± 192.79 μm). Conclusion The presence of CRA seems to influence the morphology of the retina amongst patients diagnosed with DR by altering the segments involved in DME based on its supply location. However, further studies with a larger sample size are warranted to strenghten this association.

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