Does the Equal Access Act Guarantee Religious Clubs Equal Access to Public School Facilities?

Author(s):  
Charles J. Russo

The Equal Access Act (EAA) is a federal law enacted to permit organized groups of high school students to meet in schools during noninstructional time, periods when classes are not scheduled so that non-curriculum-related clubs can gather. The EAA was designed to remedy situations in which religious speech had been excluded from schools as a form of impermissible viewpoint discrimination. In Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, the Supreme Court upheld the EAA. This chapter covers the situation that existed before the EAA was enacted; the EAA itself; Mergens and later judicial developments; and the meaning of Mergens and its progeny. To date, it appears that the EAA has achieved its goal of granting equal access to religious speech even as it has been applied in ways beyond what its authors likely intended by including LGBT groups and others.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
Eric Brunner ◽  
David Schwegman ◽  
Jeffrey M. Vincent

Abstract We examine how funding for public school facilities varies with school district property wealth and household income. Using data on school facility (i.e., capital) funding in California from fiscal years 1986-87 to 2015-16, we find that funding for school construction and modernization varies widely across districts. Disparities in funding are driven primarily by inter-district differences in property wealth with the highest property wealth districts raising significantly more funding for school facilities. Assessed value per-pupil in California is also negatively correlated with the share of disadvantaged students and students of color. As a result, school facility funding tends to be substantially lower in districts with the highest concentrations of disadvantaged students and students of color.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-546
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Hassanain ◽  
Mohammad Al-Zahrani ◽  
Abdullatif Abdallah ◽  
Ahmed M.Z. Sayed

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the significance of various factors affecting maintenance costs of public school facilities. Design/methodology/approach Detailed literature review resulted in identifying 54 factors that were categorized under nine groups. This was followed by a questionnaire survey completed by 60 experienced professionals. The relative importance index was used to determine the in-group ranking, as well as the overall ranking of these factors. Findings The study established that the five most significant factors affecting the maintenance cost of public school facilities were “not providing operations and maintenance manuals to maintenance group” in the “construction phase” category, “ignoring maintainability studies in design” in the “design phase” category, “specification of low-quality materials” in the “design phase” category, “selection criteria of contractors” in the “regulations and contracting” category, and “lack of quality control during work execution” in the “construction phase” category. Originality/value The present research represents the first research covering the maintenance cost of public school facilities in Saudi Arabia. The study also presents the unique landscape of facility maintenance in the Saudi Arabian context. The outcome of this research has the potential to significantly cut down unnecessary costs rooted in expensive maintenance of public school facilities, enhancing the quality of these facilities. The findings also underscore the necessity of collaboration and coordination of the various key disciplines toward the realization of cost-effective school facilities.


2016 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah E. Dickerson ◽  
Paul J. Ackerman

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Fonseca ◽  
Kirtikumar B. Bisen ◽  
K. Clark Midkiff ◽  
Gary P. Moynihan

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