Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient and the Global Health Observatory Data (2012): Life Expectancy and Per Capita Government Health Spending

SummaryBackgroundRoutine childhood immunization is a cost-effective way to save lives and protect people from disease. Some low-income countries (LIC) have achieved remarkable success in childhood immunization, despite lower levels of gross national income or health spending compared to other countries. We investigated the impact of financing and health spending on vaccination coverage across LIC and lower-middle income countries (LMIC).MethodsAmong LIC, we identified countries with high-performing vaccination coverage (LIC+) and compared their economic and health spending trends with other LIC (LIC-) and LMIC. We used cross-country multi-year linear regressions with mixed-effects to test financial indicators over time. We conducted three different statistical tests to verify if financial trends of LIC+ were significantly different from LIC- and LMIC; p-values were calculated with an asymptotic χ2 test, a Kenward-Roger approximation for F tests, and a parametric bootstrap method.FindingsDuring 2014–18, LIC+ had a mean vaccination coverage between 91–96% in routine vaccines, outperforming LIC- (67–80%) and LMIC (83–89%). During 2000–18, gross national income and development assistance for health (DAH) per capita were not significantly different between LIC+ and LIC- (p > 0·13, p > 0·65) while LIC+ had a significant lower total health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·0001). Government health spending per capita per year increased by US$0·42 for LIC+ and decreased by US$0·24 for LIC- (p < 0·0001). LIC+ had a significantly lower private health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·012).InterpretationLIC+ had a difference in vaccination coverage compared to LIC- and LMIC that could not be explained by economic development, total health spending, nor aggregated DAH. The vaccination coverage success of LIC+ was associated with higher government health spending and lower private health spending, with the support of DAH on vaccines.

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Biologic medicine inclusion in 138 national essential medicines lists

Pediatric Rheumatology ◽

10.1186/s12969-021-00608-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Raphaël Kraus ◽

Rae S. M. Yeung ◽

Nav Persaud

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Health Spending ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Care Needs ◽

Biologic Dmards ◽

Rheumatologic Diseases ◽

Conventional Dmards ◽

Country Characteristics ◽

Essential Medicines Lists ◽

Per Capita

Abstract Background Essential medicines lists (EMLs) are intended to reflect the priority health care needs of populations. We hypothesized that biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are underrepresented relative to conventional DMARDs in existing national EMLs. We aimed to survey the extent to which biologic DMARDs are included in EMLs, to determine country characteristics contributing to their inclusion or absence, and to contrast this with conventional DMARD therapies. Methods We searched 138 national EMLs for 10 conventional and 14 biologic DMARDs used in the treatment of childhood rheumatologic diseases. Via regression modelling, we determined country characteristics accounting for differences in medicine inclusion between national EMLs. Results Eleven countries (7.97%) included all 10 conventional DMARDs, 115 (83.33%) ≥5, and all countries listed at least one. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was associated with the total number of conventional DMARDs included (β11.02 [95% CI 0.39, 1.66]; P = 0.00279). Among biologic DMARDs, 3 countries (2.2%) listed ≥10, 15 (10.9%) listed ≥5, and 47 (34.1%) listed at least one. Ninety-one (65.9%) of countries listed no biologic DMARDs. European region (β1 1.30 [95% CI 0.08, 2.52]; P = 0.0367), life expectancy (β1–0.70 [95% CI -1.22, − 0.18]; P = 0.0085), health expenditure per capita (β1 1.83 [95% CI 1.24, 2.42]; P < 0.001), and conventional DMARDs listed (β1 0.70 [95% CI 0.33, 1.07]; P < 0.001) were associated with the total number of biologic DMARDs included. Conclusion Biologic DMARDs are excluded from most national EMLs. By comparison, conventional DMARDs are widely included. Countries with higher health spending and longer life expectancy are more likely to list biologics.

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Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient and the World DataBank (2012): Gross Domestic Product Per Capita and Internet Access

10.4135/9781473937871 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Rank Order ◽

Internet Access ◽

Domestic Product ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita

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Life expectancy at birth and health spending per capita, 2013 (or latest year)

Health at a Glance - Health at a Glance 2015 ◽

10.1787/health_glance-2015-graph17-en ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Health Spending ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Per Capita

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Effects of the Quality of Governance on Domestic Government Health Spending in West Africa Economic and Monetary Union Countries

Research in Economics and Management ◽

10.22158/rem.v5n1p1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. p1

Author(s):

Issa Dianda ◽

Gnanderman Sirpé

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

West Africa ◽

Monetary Union ◽

Least Squares Method ◽

Health Spending ◽

Economic And Monetary Union ◽

Government Health ◽

Quality Of Governance ◽

Per Capita

Government health spending is an important source of sustainable health funding in order to attain the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In low and middle-income countries, domestic government per capita spending on health needed to ensure universal coverage with the most essential health services is estimated at $112 according to Stenberg et al. (2017). In 2015, in West Africa Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), average domestic government spending on health per capita was $26 (about one quarter of all health spending), far short of the $112 target. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of domestic government health spending with emphasis on the quality of governance. We used panel data from the eight WAEMU member states covering the period 2000-2015 and the generalized least squares method for empirical investigation. The results show that an improvement in the quality of governance increases domestic government health spending. The study suggests the policy-makers of the WAEMU member state to improve the quality of governance in order to increase domestic government health spending and allow people to access essential health services and enjoy a better state of health.

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