GENETIC ENGINEERING TO IMPROVE RESISTANCE TO VIRAL DISEASES OF POULTRY: A MODEL FOR APPLICATION TO LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. CRITTENDEN ◽  
D. W. SALTER
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Endogenous Virus ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Lymphoid Leukosis ◽  
Line Insertion

Several genetic engineering approaches can and will be used to control viral diseases in chickens. One approach is to insert genes for resistance in the germ line of the chicken. The endogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) genes that segregate in the chicken serve as a natural model for germ line insertion and expression. One gene controls the expression of endogenous ALV envelope antigen. Chickens carrying that gene are resistant to infection with endogenous ALV. We propose, as a model, to insert the envelope gene of exogenous ALV, thus inserting a dominant gene for resistance to exogenous ALV. Our approach to germ line insertion in the chicken, including insertion methods, vectors and testing, is discussed. Genetic engineering approaches to animal breeding will only be useful as methods to enhance the efficacy of present breeding methods. Gene insertion can add new genetic variation by crossing the species barrier, and by introducing genes into highly productive lines one at a time. Molecular methods may also be useful for the introduction of chromosomal markers and to help identify major genes influencing phenotypes controlling productive efficiency. Key words: Germ line, vectors, retrovirus, chicken, endogenous virus, lymphoid leukosis

scholarly journals The Potential of Algal Biotechnology to Produce Antiviral Compounds and Biopharmaceuticals

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4049
Author(s):  
Sergio Rosales-Mendoza ◽  
Ileana García-Silva ◽  
Omar González-Ortega ◽  
José M. Sandoval-Vargas ◽  
Ashwini Malla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Algal Biotechnology ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Algae Biotechnology ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Functional Antibodies

The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to an unprecedented pandemic, which demands urgent development of antiviral drugs and antibodies; as well as prophylactic approaches, namely vaccines. Algae biotechnology has much to offer in this scenario given the diversity of such organisms, which are a valuable source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds that can also be used to produce vaccines and antibodies. Antivirals with possible activity against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized, based on previously reported activity against Coronaviruses or other enveloped or respiratory viruses. Moreover, the potential of algae-derived anti-inflammatory compounds to treat severe cases of COVID-19 is contemplated. The scenario of producing biopharmaceuticals in recombinant algae is presented and the cases of algae-made vaccines targeting viral diseases is highlighted as valuable references for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Successful cases in the production of functional antibodies are described. Perspectives on how specific algae species and genetic engineering techniques can be applied for the production of anti-viral compounds antibodies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are provided.

Psychiatry, Molecular Genetics and Ethics: The New Discoveries and the New Issues

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Huntington's Chorea ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent developments in molecular genetics are examined with particular reference to psychiatry. the new technologies available have allowed significant advances in the understanding of certain illnesses such as familial Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's chorea, and will provide powerful tools to explore many other important psychiatric illnesses. the area of genetic counselling is already characterized by complex ethical issues. We can expect that as the new technologies provide the prospect of positive germ line genetic engineering, these ethical issues will become more complex. It is important that psychiatrists prepare themselves for these future developments and take an active role in leading the debate.

scholarly journals Genetic engineering of yellow betalain pigments beyond the species barrier

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakatsuka ◽  
Eri Yamada ◽  
Hideyuki Takahashi ◽  
Tomohiro Imamura ◽  
Mariko Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Species Barrier

scholarly journals Intercellular viral spread and intracellular transposition of Drosophila gypsy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Keegan ◽  
Yung-Heng Chang ◽  
Michael J. Metzger ◽  
Josh Dubnau
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Somatic Tissues

AbstractIt has become increasingly clear that retrotransposons (RTEs) are more widely expressed in somatic tissues than previously appreciated. RTE expression has been implicated in a myriad of biological processes ranging from normal development and aging, to age related diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons are evolutionary ancestors to, and share many features with, exogenous retroviruses. In fact, many organisms contain endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that derive from an exogenous retrovirus that have integrated into the germ line. These ERVs are inherited in Mendelian fashion like RTEs, and some retain the ability to transmit between cells like viruses, while others develop the ability to act as RTEs. The process of evolutionary transition between LTR-RTE and retroviruses is thought to involve multiple steps by which the element loses or gains the ability to transmit copies between cells versus the ability to replicate intracellularly. But, typically, these two modes of transmission are incompatible because they require assembly in different sub-cellular compartments. Like murine IAP/IAP-E elements, the gypsy family of retroelements in arthropods appear to sit along this evolutionary transition. The fact that gypsy elements have been found to actively mobilize in neurons and glial cells during normal aging and in models of neurodegeneration raises the question of whether their replication in somatic cells occurs via intracellular retrotransposition, intercellular viral spread, or some combination of the two. These modes of replication in somatic tissues would have quite different biological implications. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila gypsy is capable of both cell-associated and cell-free viral transmission between cultured S2 cells of somatic origin. Further, we demonstrate that the ability of gypsy to move between cells is dependent upon a functional copy of its viral envelope protein. This argues that the gypsy element has transitioned from an RTE into a functional endogenous retrovirus with the acquisition of its envelope gene. On the other hand, we also find that intracellular retrotransposition of the same genomic copy of gypsy can occur in the absence of the Env protein. Thus, gypsy exhibits both intracellular retrotransposition and intercellular viral transmission as modes of replicating its genome.

Improving crops genome through genetic engineering of the key metabolic pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e52272
Author(s):  
Olga Ivanovna Kershanskaya ◽  
Darya Sergeevna Nelidova ◽  
Gulvira Lemesovna Yessenbaeva ◽  
Sergey Nikolaevich Nelidov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soybean loss due to pests and pathogens is a serious problem worldwide. Soybean producers have few options to manage diseases caused by general pathogens where major genes for full resistance have not been discovered. The innate defense of soybean plants could be enhanced by improving content and composition of lignin by genetic engineering of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We used a novel technique of germ-line genetic transformation of soybean plants via natural pollen tubes as vectors. This technique uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to mediate transfer of genes of interest to the zygote to introduce the key lignification genes (PtMYB4, PAL5, F5H, CAD1) into soybean genome. We observed 5.6% average transformation efficiency in the first generation of transgenic plants and in the second generation the presence of the transgene constructs was confirmed in more than 50% (for CsVMV/PtMYB4sens, 35SVTM/PAL5, C4H/F5H, CsVMV/CAD1 constructs) transgenic soybean lines. We confirmed the expression of the introduced genes at transcriptional level using RT-PCR and Northern blot. Functional analysis using lignin content determination and the activity of PAL5 and CAD1 enzymes demonstrated that the transgenes perform their function in planta. The proposed technique is effective and inexpensive and can be used to create novel stress and disease resistant soybean genotypes.

Cre expression in primary spermatocytes: A tool for genetic engineering of the germ line

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Vidal ◽  
Julien Sage ◽  
François Cuzin ◽  
Minoo Rassoulzadegan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Germ Line
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