Improving crops genome through genetic engineering of the key metabolic pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e52272
Author(s):  
Olga Ivanovna Kershanskaya ◽  
Darya Sergeevna Nelidova ◽  
Gulvira Lemesovna Yessenbaeva ◽  
Sergey Nikolaevich Nelidov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soybean loss due to pests and pathogens is a serious problem worldwide. Soybean producers have few options to manage diseases caused by general pathogens where major genes for full resistance have not been discovered. The innate defense of soybean plants could be enhanced by improving content and composition of lignin by genetic engineering of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We used a novel technique of germ-line genetic transformation of soybean plants via natural pollen tubes as vectors. This technique uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to mediate transfer of genes of interest to the zygote to introduce the key lignification genes (PtMYB4, PAL5, F5H, CAD1) into soybean genome. We observed 5.6% average transformation efficiency in the first generation of transgenic plants and in the second generation the presence of the transgene constructs was confirmed in more than 50% (for CsVMV/PtMYB4sens, 35SVTM/PAL5, C4H/F5H, CsVMV/CAD1 constructs) transgenic soybean lines. We confirmed the expression of the introduced genes at transcriptional level using RT-PCR and Northern blot. Functional analysis using lignin content determination and the activity of PAL5 and CAD1 enzymes demonstrated that the transgenes perform their function in planta. The proposed technique is effective and inexpensive and can be used to create novel stress and disease resistant soybean genotypes.

scholarly journals Quantitative Proteomics Reveals that GmENO2 Proteins Are Involved in Response to Phosphate Starvation in the Leaves of Glycine max L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Ling Cheng ◽  
Wanling Min ◽  
Man Li ◽  
Lili Zhou ◽  
Chuan-Chih Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Phosphate Starvation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a major crop providing important source for protein and oil for human life. Low phosphate (LP) availability is a critical limiting factor affecting soybean production. Soybean plants develop a series of strategies to adapt to phosphate (Pi) limitation condition. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for LP stress response remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a label-free quantification (LFQ) analysis of soybean leaves grown under low and high phosphate conditions. We identified 267 induced and 440 reduced differential proteins from phosphate-starved leaves. Almost a quarter of the LP decreased proteins are involved in translation processes, while the LP increased proteins are accumulated in chlorophyll biosynthetic and carbon metabolic processes. Among these induced proteins, an enolase protein, GmENO2a was found to be mostly induced protein. On the transcriptional level, GmENO2a and GmENO2b, but not GmENO2c or GmENO2d, were dramatically induced by phosphate starvation. Among 14 enolase genes, only GmENO2a and GmENO2b genes contain the P1BS motif in their promoter regions. Furthermore, GmENO2b was specifically induced in the GmPHR31 overexpressing soybean plants. Our findings provide molecular insights into how soybean plants tune basic carbon metabolic pathway to adapt to Pi deprivation through the ENO2 enzymes.

Soybean seed coat cup unloading on plants with low-raffinose, low-stachyose seeds

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Kosina ◽  
Alexander Castillo ◽  
Steven R. Schnebly ◽  
Ralph L. Obendorf
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Soybean Seed Coat ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSucrose, raffinose and stachyose accumulate in soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] embryos during seed maturation. To determine the relationship of plant maternal composition on seed composition, soluble carbohydrates in three 1-cm2 leaf punches at three plant growth stages (R2, R3, R6) and in seed coat cup exudates in planta were analysed at four 30-min intervals on soybean plants (R5) with low-raffinose, low-stachyose (LRS) seeds expressing the mutant stc1 phenotype; low-raffinose, low-stachyose and low-phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) seeds expressing the mutant mips phenotype; or normal raffinose, stachyose and phytin (CHECK) seeds expressing the Stc1 and Mips phenotype. Leaf sucrose (23.6 μg cm− 2), myo-inositol (9.3 μg cm− 2), d-chiro-inositol (6.7 μg cm− 2), d-ononitol (0.76 μg cm− 2), d-pinitol (50.1 μg cm− 2) and total soluble carbohydrates (107.1 μg cm− 2) were not significantly different between phenotypes. d-chiro-Inositol, myo-inositol, d-pinitol and sucrose were unloaded from soybean seed coat cups in planta at decreasing rates over the four sequential periods of sampling. Unloading rates of sucrose and myo-inositol were highest for LRS, d-pinitol was highest for LRSP2, and d-chiro-inositol was not different between LRS, LRSP1, LRSP2 and CHECK. Free cyclitols were 60% of total soluble carbohydrates in leaves and 20% in seed coat cup exudates. Except for sucrose and d-pinitol, seed phenotype had little influence on the composition of compounds unloaded from seed coats to maturing embryos of low-raffinose, low-stachyose seeds. Maternally supplied cyclitols may contribute, in part, to changes in the composition of cyclitol galactosides stored in mature seeds.

scholarly journals Genetic and physiological regulation of folate in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (16) ◽  
pp. 4914-4929
Author(s):  
M J I Shohag ◽  
Yanyan Wei ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Michael Rychlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Folate Homeostasis ◽  
Living Organisms

Abstract Folates are one of the essential micronutrients for all living organisms. Due to inadequate dietary intake, folate deficiency remains prevalent in humans. Genetically diverse germplasms can potentially be used as parents in breeding programs and also for understanding the folate regulatory network. Therefore, we investigated the natural genetic diversity of folates and their physiological regulation in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm. The total folate concentration ranged from 52.7 μg 100 gFW–1 to 166.9 μg 100 gFW–1, with 3.2-fold variation. The main folate vitamer was represented by 5-CH3-H4folate, with 4.5-fold variation. The activities of GTP cyclohydrolase I and aminodeoxy chorismate synthase, the first step of folate synthesis, were high in high folate accessions and low in low folate accessions. Analysis of the transcription levels of 11 genes associated with folate metabolism demonstrated that the difference in folate concentrations may be primarily controlled at the post-transcriptional level. A general correlation between total folate and their precursors was observed. Folate diversity and chlorophyll content were tightly regulated through the methyl cycle. The diverse genetic variation in pak choi germplasm indicated the great genetic potential to integrate breeding programs for folate biofortification and unravel the physiological basis of folate homeostasis in planta.

GENETIC ENGINEERING TO IMPROVE RESISTANCE TO VIRAL DISEASES OF POULTRY: A MODEL FOR APPLICATION TO LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. CRITTENDEN ◽  
D. W. SALTER
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Endogenous Virus ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Lymphoid Leukosis ◽  
Line Insertion

Several genetic engineering approaches can and will be used to control viral diseases in chickens. One approach is to insert genes for resistance in the germ line of the chicken. The endogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) genes that segregate in the chicken serve as a natural model for germ line insertion and expression. One gene controls the expression of endogenous ALV envelope antigen. Chickens carrying that gene are resistant to infection with endogenous ALV. We propose, as a model, to insert the envelope gene of exogenous ALV, thus inserting a dominant gene for resistance to exogenous ALV. Our approach to germ line insertion in the chicken, including insertion methods, vectors and testing, is discussed. Genetic engineering approaches to animal breeding will only be useful as methods to enhance the efficacy of present breeding methods. Gene insertion can add new genetic variation by crossing the species barrier, and by introducing genes into highly productive lines one at a time. Molecular methods may also be useful for the introduction of chromosomal markers and to help identify major genes influencing phenotypes controlling productive efficiency. Key words: Germ line, vectors, retrovirus, chicken, endogenous virus, lymphoid leukosis

scholarly journals Action of auxin inhibitors on growth and grain yield of soybean

Revista CERES ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gederson Luiz Buzzello ◽  
Michelangelo Muzell Trezzi ◽  
José Abramo Marchese ◽  
Elouize Xavier ◽  
Edemir Miotto Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soybean genotypes grown in sub-tropical climate may exhibit lodging. The plant lodging is influenced by soil type and fertility level, sowing date, latitude and altitude of the location, plant population and conditions of crop development. Plant regulators and herbicides are able to avoid or reduce plant lodging. This study aimed to verify the effects of the growth regulators TIBA and daminozide on vegetative growth and yield of soybean cultivar CD 214 RR. The experiment was carried out at a field in randomized block design with four replications in a factorial scheme. The A factor was represented by the combination of regulators TIBA and daminozide and its concentrations, and the Factor B was seven times of evaluation of injury and plant height or eight times of evaluation of lodging. In the range of doses used, the application of daminozide resulted in greater injury to soybean plants than TIBA. The smaller plant height was achieved by the application of 6 g ha-1 of TIBA and 1200 g ha-¹ of daminozide. Treatments with daminozide (100 g ha-¹) and TIBA (10 g ha-1) stood out due to the reduced lodging of soybean plants. Grain weight increased linearly when the levels of TIBA increased. There was a negative correlation between lodging and grain yield and a positive correlation between plant height and lodging. There was also a negative correlation between injury caused by the application of plant regulators and lodging.

Psychiatry, Molecular Genetics and Ethics: The New Discoveries and the New Issues

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Huntington's Chorea ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent developments in molecular genetics are examined with particular reference to psychiatry. the new technologies available have allowed significant advances in the understanding of certain illnesses such as familial Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's chorea, and will provide powerful tools to explore many other important psychiatric illnesses. the area of genetic counselling is already characterized by complex ethical issues. We can expect that as the new technologies provide the prospect of positive germ line genetic engineering, these ethical issues will become more complex. It is important that psychiatrists prepare themselves for these future developments and take an active role in leading the debate.

scholarly journals The Influence of foliar fertilization on different soybean genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Adrian NEGREA ◽  
Raluca REZI ◽  
Teodor RUSU ◽  
Camelia URDĂ ◽  
Vasilena SUCIU
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Soybean is one of the most important leguminous crops due to its high oil and protein content with a significant role in nutrition. Micronutrients for soybean growth and development are very important and foliar fertilization is used to overcome environmental stress and help soybean plants to fill their nutritive needs. The research was carried out in 2020 by the Soybean Breeding Laboratory from the Agricultural Research and Development Station in Turda, Romania. Foliar fertilization had both positive and negative effects for 1000-grain weight and yield however, quality traits do not seem to be influenced by applying supplement of microelements during the vegetation period. The research suggests that genotype is the determining factor in the efficiency of foliar fertilization. In this sense, the present experiment will continue to bring answers regarding the effects of foliar fertilizers on some soybean genotypes.

scholarly journals Assessment of potential winter hardiness in winter bread wheat cultivars and genotypes by analyzing autofluorescence in seedling tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
I. V. Karkhardin ◽  
A. A. Konovalov ◽  
N. P. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Bread Wheat

Background.Winter crops are the most productive component of agricultural biocenoses. In Russia, winter wheat suffers the greatest losses in winter, so a search for traits marking high or low winter hardiness in autumn-sown genotypes, including improved cultivars, is needed to assess their potential for overwintering. One of such markers of high winter hardiness is an increased lignin content in plant tissues. The terminal enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway of metabolism, wherein lignin components are formed, is cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.195). In plants, the CAD enzyme is one of the links in the aromatic metabolism, which generates, in addition to lignin, a number of aromatic compounds, such as lignans, aromatic glycosides, etc. Many of these compounds, like lignin, contain chromophore groups and are capable of autofluorescence.Correlations of the genotypes that incorporate CAD1-F with overwintering are studied in this work.Materials and methods.The winter bread wheat cultivars ‘Zitnica’ (Yugoslavia) and ‘Novosibirskaya 9’ (ICG SB RAS, Russia), contrasting in winter hardiness and CAD isozyme spectra, their hybrids, and 28 improved winter cultivars developed in Krasnodar were selected for the study. Fluorescence analysis of 28 winter wheat cultivars was also performed. Correlation coefficients between fluorescence and frost tolerance were calculated using the results of the analysis of 7 most contrasting cultivars.Conclusions. The tested winter bread wheat genotypes demonstrated the interplay between CAD1-F and successful overwintering: a correlation was found in the genotypes carrying the 00 CAD1-F allele with higher percentage of overwintered plants. This dependence was not observed in every season. The analysis of seedling sections for fluorescence can also be used for preliminary assessment of winter tolerance in winter bread wheat under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Incidence of green soybean seeds as a function of environmental stresses during seed maturation

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilda Pizzolante De Pádua ◽  
José De Barros França-Neto ◽  
Maria Laene Moreira De Carvalho ◽  
Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski ◽  
Renato Mendes Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Green Seed ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Two Temperature

Hot and dry weather conditions during soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed maturation can cause forced maturation of the seed, resulting in the production of high levels of green seed, which may be detrimental to seed germination. These stressful conditions were imposed on soybean plants during seed maturation to investigate the production of green seeds and seed quality. Plants of the CD 206 cultivar were grown in a greenhouse until the R5.5 growing stage and then transferred to phytotrons at R6 and R7.2 for stress induction. Plants were subjected to two temperature regimes, high (28ºC to 36ºC) and normal (19ºC to 26ºC), and four soil water availability conditions, control (adequate water supply), 30% gravimetric moisture (GM), 20% GM and no water supply. Seed were harvested at R9. Green seed percentages and 100-seed weights from the lower, middle and upper thirds of each plant were determined. Seed quality was assessed by germination, tetrazolium (viability and vigor) and electrical conductivity tests. Occurrence of green seed varied from 9% to 86%, depending on the severity of the stresses imposed. High temperature, coupled with no water supply at R6, resulted in a pronounced occurrence of green seeds. There was no difference in the percentage of green seeds among the plant segments. Seed quality was negatively affected by the incidence of green seeds. A procedure for screening soybean genotypes in a phytotron for their tolerance and/or susceptibility to the production of green seeds was developed.

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