Enterococcus faecalis is a significant human pathogen worldwide and is responsible for severe nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Although enterococcal meningitis is rare, mortality is considerable, reaching 21 %. Nevertheless, the pathogenetic mechanisms of this infection remain poorly understood, even though the ability of E. faecalis to avoid or survive phagocytic attack in vivo may be very important during the infection process. We previously showed that the manganese-cofactored superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) SodA of E. faecalis was implicated in oxidative stress responses and, interestingly, in the survival within mouse peritoneal macrophages using an in vivo–in vitro infection model. In the present study, we investigated the role of MnSOD in the interaction of E. faecalis with microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. By using an in vitro infection model, murine microglial cells were challenged in parallel with the wild-type strain JH2-2 and its isogenic sodA deletion mutant. While both strains were phagocytosed by microglia efficiently and to a similar extent, the ΔsodA mutant was found to be significantly more susceptible to microglial killing than JH2-2, as assessed by the antimicrobial protection assay. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of acidic ΔsodA-containing phagosomes was found and these also underwent enhanced maturation as determined by the expression of endolysosomal markers. In conclusion, these results show that the MnSOD of E. faecalis contributes to survival of the bacterium in microglial cells by influencing their antimicrobial activity, and this could even be important for intracellular killing in neutrophils and thus for E. faecalis pathogenesis.
Conjugates of Superoxide Dismutase 1 with Amphiphilic Poly(2-oxazoline) Block Copolymers for Enhanced Brain Delivery: Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation in Vitro and in Vivo
