LONG TERM GAS SAMPLING AND HEATING VALUE CALCULATIONS FROM GC-ANALYSIS

2003 ◽  
pp. 314-329
Author(s):  
Klaus Homann ◽  
Hans J. Krabbe
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs

The methodology in Latvia forest industry provide to determine the quality of energy chips only in long- term storage places before selling. Due to the lack of hard empirical data about the quality parameters of energy chips in different phases of manufacturing process, this research paper consists of: - the identification and analyses of the factors that influenced the values of energy chips quality features such as: bulk density, moisture content, ash content, higher and lower heating value according to actual moisture content and per dry mass of the chips; - the methodology for determination the quality parameters of energy chips by analysis the wood moisture content and by choice the method of the manufacturing of energy chips.


Author(s):  
Leiyong Jiang ◽  
Shaji Manipurath ◽  
Gilles Bourque ◽  
Michel Houde

The flow fields in and around two versions of a water-cooled gas-sampling probe, situated downstream of a gas turbine combustor, were numerically studied in an elevated pressure and temperature environment. The probes are of triple-walled stainless steel assembly, where the gas sample is transported through a centre tube, while preheated and pressurized cooling water flows through two surrounding annuli. Complex conjugate heat transfers amongst the exhaust mixture, cooling water and probe walls were modelled at a selected operating condition. The numerical results indicate over-heating and possible vaporization of water or cavitation in the upstream tip region of the probe with the original design. This is consistent with the evidence of damage observed in these probes from prolonged testing under similar conditions. For the modified probe, the effectiveness of cooling water is much improved, which is confirmed by long-term combustor rig testing. From this investigation, some recommendations for probe design and operation are provided. Moreover, the present study has proved that the numerical simulation is a valuable tool for probe design and trouble-shooting, and to accurately predict conjugate heat transfers in such flows, the laminar sub-layer in the near-wall region should be adequately resolved.


2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Long Chai ◽  
Ji-Qin Ni ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Claude A. Diehl ◽  
Albert J. Heber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. C. Fung ◽  
M. W. Channing
Keyword(s):  

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 02004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Sokolov ◽  
Liudmila Takaishvili

The eastern regions of Russia have a substantial potential for expansion of steaming coal production. The majority of coal deposits in the eastern regions are located close enough to the objects of the Asian super ring. The large coal reserves make it possible to consider it as a reliable fuel source for power plants for a long-term horizon. The coal reserves suitable for using at power plants of the Asian super ring are estimated in the paper by subject of the federation of the eastern regions for operating and new coal producers. The coal deposits of the eastern regions that are promising for the construction of power plants of the Asian super ring are presented. The paper describes both the coal deposits of the eastern regions that are considered in the projects for power plant construction and included in the program documents and the coal deposits that are not included in the program documents. The coal reserves of these deposits and the possible volumes of its production are estimated. The key qualitative coal characteristics of the deposits: heating value, and ash, sulfur, moisture content are presented. The mining-geological and hydrological conditions for deposit development are briefly characterized. The coals of the eastern regions are showed to contain valuable accompanying elements. It is noted that the creation of industrial clusters on the basis of the coal deposits is the most effective from the standpoints of the economy and ecology. The favorable and restraining factors in development of the described coal deposits are estimated.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Seelmann ◽  
Tobias Steinhoff ◽  
Arne Körtzinger

<p>The observation and documentation of the marine carbon cycle is of utmost importance because of probable future changes such as ocean acidification, warming or deoxygenation. Over decades, ship-based observatories (Ships of Opportunity – SOOP) equipped with sensors measuring the CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure (<em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>) in the surface seawater form the backbone of the global ocean carbon observation system. However, one severe shortcoming of the current carbon-SOOP observatory is the fact that it mostly only measures <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> which is required to calculate the net air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux. Full insight into the marine CO<sub>2</sub> system for important aspects such as net biological production, ocean acidification, and marine calcification requires the measurement of two out of the four measurable variables of the marine CO<sub>2</sub> system which are <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>, total alkalinity (<em>A</em><sub>T</sub>), dissolved inorganic carbon (<em>C</em><sub>T</sub>) and pH. The so far common workaround is the calculation of <em>A</em><sub>T</sub> from sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity using established parameterizations. Unfortunately, this procedure leads to high uncertainties and is particularly prone to regional bias. Therefore, autonomous <em>A</em><sub>T </sub>measurements are necessary. Our study describes the implementation of a novel autonomous analyzer for seawater <em>A</em><sub>T</sub>, the CONTROS HydroFIA<sup>®</sup> TA system (Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany) on a North Atlantic SOOP line based on the merchant vessel M/V <em>Atlantic Sail</em> (Atlantic Container Line). The first main part of this work deals with the installation of the analyzer, for which several circumstances must be taken into account: 1) The system’s typical drift behavior, 2) stabilization measurements and cleaning procedures, and 3) the waste handling. We present our installation in detail and how we handle the named issues. Another major problem during automated long-term campaigns is the provision of sufficient reference seawater for regular quality assurance measurements and subsequent drift correction. We tested ten different container types and materials with minimum 5L volume (e.g. gas sampling bags) for their suitability as long-term seawater storage. As a result, only one gas sampling bag based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) featured the high-quality requirements and was chosen as reference seawater storage. The second main part focusses on the measured sea surface <em>A</em><sub>T </sub>data from the first four unattended measurement campaigns. In order to prove the success of the installation, we compared the measurements with 1) discrete samples (taken manually only during the first two transits), and 2) calculated <em>A</em><sub>T </sub>values based on established parameterization. The gained results show very promising consistency between the measured values and the <em>A</em><sub>T </sub>range and variability of the monitored region. We conclude that the implementation of the CONTROS HydroFIA<sup>®</sup> TA system on a SOOP line was successful and brings ocean carbon observations to a new level.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.


1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
J. Tichá ◽  
M. Tichý ◽  
Z. Moravec

AbstractA long-term photographic search programme for minor planets was begun at the Kleť Observatory at the end of seventies using a 0.63-m Maksutov telescope, but with insufficient respect for long-arc follow-up astrometry. More than two thousand provisional designations were given to new Kleť discoveries. Since 1993 targeted follow-up astrometry of Kleť candidates has been performed with a 0.57-m reflector equipped with a CCD camera, and reliable orbits for many previous Kleť discoveries have been determined. The photographic programme results in more than 350 numbered minor planets credited to Kleť, one of the world's most prolific discovery sites. Nearly 50 per cent of them were numbered as a consequence of CCD follow-up observations since 1994.This brief summary describes the results of this Kleť photographic minor planet survey between 1977 and 1996. The majority of the Kleť photographic discoveries are main belt asteroids, but two Amor type asteroids and one Trojan have been found.


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