Deontic logic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Belzer
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Normative Concepts

Deontic logic is the investigation of the logic of normative concepts, especially obligation (‘ought’, ‘should’, ‘must’), permission (‘may’) and prohibition (‘ought not’, ‘forbidden’). Deontic logic differs from normative legal theory and ethics in that it does not attempt to determine which principles hold, nor what obligations exist, for any given system. Rather it seeks to develop a formal language that can adequately represent the normative expressions of natural languages, and to regiment such expressions in a logical system. The theorems of deontic logic specify relationships both among normative concepts (for example, whatever is obligatory is permissible) and between normative and non-normative concepts (for example, whatever is obligatory is possible). Contemporary research beginning with von Wright treats deontic logic as a branch of modal logic, in so far as (as was noted already by medieval logicians) the logical relations between the obligatory, permissible and forbidden to some extent parallel those between the necessary, possible and impossible (concepts treated in ‘alethic’ modal logic).

scholarly journals PRAWO RZYMSKIE W DAWNEJ ANGLII W ŚWIETLE POGLĄDÓW ARTURA DUCKA (WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Łukasz Marzec
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Early English ◽  
Court Of Chancery ◽  
General Opinion

The Views of Arthur Duck on Roman Law in EnglandSummaryThe aim of this paper is to discuss the views of sir Arthur Duck on the influence and power of Roman Law in England up to 17th century, which he analysed in his work De Usu et Authoritate Juris Civilis Romanorum in Dominiis Principum Christianorum first published in 1652. Chapter 8 of this book seems to be an important source for the contemporary research. Duck, a legal practitioner, a politician and a D. C. L. presented a unique view on the matter. A detailed study shows that the following areas and solutions of the English legal system bear signs of the Roman influence: courts (e. g. Court of Chancery, Court of Admiralty, Court of the Constable and Marshall), lectures at the Oxford University, Vacarius school of law, early English legal writings, legal theory and science. Duck was probably the first to notice and mark the striking similarity between Roman procedure of the ius honorarium and the English equity. He disagrees with the general opinion that the Roman Law exercised no authority in England. 

Georg Henrik von Wright. Form and content in logic. A revised reprint of XV 58(2), 199(2), 280(2). Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 1–21. - Georg Henrik von Wright. On the idea of logical truth (I). A revised reprint of XV 58(1), 199(1), 280(1). Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 22–43. - Georg Henrik von Wright. On double quantification. A revised reprint of XVII 201. Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 44–57. - Georg Henrik von Wright. Deontic logic. A revised reprint of XVII 140. Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 58–74. - Georg Henrik von Wright. Interpretations of modal logic. A revised reprint of XVIII 176. Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 75–88. - Georg Henrik von Wright. A new system of modal logic. A revised version of XIX 66. Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 89–126. - Georg Henrik von Wright. On conditionals. Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 127–165. - Georg Henrik von Wright. The concept of entailment. Logical studies. International library of psychology, philosophy and scientific method. The Humanities Press, Inc., New York, and Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1957, pp. 166–191.

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-462
Author(s):  
Timothy Smiley
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Modal Logic ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Logical Truth ◽  
Double Quantification ◽  
New System

Definiteness in Czech

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-596
Author(s):  
George M. Cummins III
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Expressive Speech

Definiteness, a subcategory of nominal determination, is a universal of natural languages. Languages lacking an overt article, such as Czech, mark definiteness using various discourse-anchored signals, such as word order and intonation. In sentence-initial position, bare NPs are definite. For discourse-anchored definite NPs in other sentence positions (these include post-rhematic themes as well as retrieved or reevaluated entities from remote discourse) and NPs in expressive speech, Czech uses a deictically neutral determiner ten 'this, that; the' for definite NPs. The resultant NP with determiner may correspond to articled or demonstrative-modified NPs in articled languages; the categories are fluid. In both colloquial and formal language ten is developing article-like functions.

A logical analysis of some value concepts

1963 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic B. Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Logical Possibility ◽  
Strict Implication

The purpose of this paper is to provide a partial logical analysis of a few concepts that may be classified as value concepts or as concepts that are closely related to value concepts. Among the concepts that will be considered are striving for, doing, believing, knowing, desiring, ability to do, obligation to do, and value for. Familiarity will be assumed with the concepts of logical necessity, logical possibility, and strict implication as formalized in standard systems of modal logic (such as S4), and with the concepts of obligation and permission as formalized in systems of deontic logic. It will also be assumed that quantifiers over propositions have been included in extensions of these systems.

Von Wright, Georg Henrik (1916–2003)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Niiniluoto
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Preference Logic ◽  
Future Technology ◽  
Welfare History ◽  
New Applications

G.H. von Wright was one of the most influential analytic philosophers of the twentieth century. Born in Helsinki, Finland, von Wright did his early work on logic, probability and induction under the influence of logical empiricism. In 1948–51 he served as Ludwig Wittgenstein’s successor at Cambridge, but returned to his homeland and later became a member of the Academy of Finland. He did pioneering work on the new applications of logic: modal logic, deontic logic, the logic of norms and action, preference logic, tense logic, causality and determinism. In the 1970s his ideas about the explanation and understanding of human action helped to establish new links between the analytic tradition and Continental hermeneutics. Von Wright’s later works, which are eloquent books and essays written originally in his two native languages (Swedish and Finnish), deal with issues of humanism and human welfare, history and future, technology and ecology.

Complexity of interpolation and related problems in positive calculi

2002 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Heyting Algebras ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Complexity Bounds ◽  
Np Completeness ◽  
Interpolation Problems ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Modal Logic S4 ◽  
Closure Algebras ◽  
Logical Calculi

AbstractWe consider the problem of recognizing important properties of logical calculi and find complexity bounds for some decidable properties. For a given logical system L, a property P of logical calculi is called decidable over L if there is an algorithm which for any finite set Ax of new axiom schemes decides whether the calculus L + Ax has the property P or not. In [11] the complexity of tabularity, pre-tabularity. and interpolation problems over the intuitionistic logic Int and over modal logic S4 was studied, also we found the complexity of amalgamation problems in varieties of Heyting algebras and closure algebras.In the present paper we deal with positive calculi. We prove NP-completeness of tabularity, DP-hardness of pretabularity and PSPACE-completeness of interpolation problem over Int+. In addition to above-mentioned properties, we consider Beth's definability properties. Also we improve some complexity bounds for properties of superintuitionistic calculi.

A REDUCTION OF DEONTIC LOGIC TO ALETHIC MODAL LOGIC

Mind ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol LXVII (265) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN ROSS ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Deontic Logic

A Modal Defeasible Reasoner of Deontic Logic for the Semantic Web

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstratios Kontopoulos ◽  
Nick Bassiliades ◽  
Guido Governatori ◽  
Grigoris Antoniou
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Modal Logics ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Privacy Requirements ◽  
Defeasible Logic ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Web Information

Defeasible logic is a non-monotonic formalism that deals with incomplete and conflicting information, whereas modal logic deals with the concepts of necessity and possibility. These types of logics play a significant role in the emerging Semantic Web, which enriches the available Web information with meaning, leading to better cooperation between end-users and applications. Defeasible and modal logics, in general, and, particularly, deontic logic provide means for modeling agent communities, where each agent is characterized by its cognitive profile and normative system, as well as policies, which define privacy requirements, access permissions, and individual rights. Toward this direction, this article discusses the extension of DR-DEVICE, a Semantic Web-aware defeasible reasoner, with a mechanism for expressing modal logic operators, while testing the implementation via deontic logic operators, concerned with obligations, permissions, and related concepts. The motivation behind this work is to develop a practical defeasible reasoner for the Semantic Web that takes advantage of the expressive power offered by modal logics, accompanied by the flexibility to define diverse agent behaviours. A further incentive is to study the various motivational notions of deontic logic and discuss the cognitive state of agents, as well as the interactions among them.

Finding Natural Languages a Home in Formal Language Theory

1987 ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Rounds ◽  
Alexis Manaster-Ramer ◽  
Joyce Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Formal Language ◽  
Formal Language Theory ◽  
Language Theory ◽  
Natural Languages
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