Division, Syllogistic, and Science in Prior Analytics I.31

In the first book of the Prior Analytics, Aristotle sets out, for the first time in Greek philosophy, a logical system. After this, Aristotle compares this method with Plato’s method of division, a procedure designed to find essences of natural kinds through systematic classification. This critical comparison in APr I.31 raises an interpretive puzzle: how can Aristotle reasonably juxtapose two methods that differ so much in their aims and approach? What can be gained by doing so? Previous interpreters have failed to show how this comparison is legitimate or what important point Aristotle is making. The goal of this paper is to resolve the puzzle. In resolving this puzzle we not only learn more about the relationship between division and the syllogistic in Aristotle. We will also learn something about the motivation for the syllogistic itself, by seeing the role that it plays in his philosophy of science.

Rotating Minimal Thermodynamic Systems

Minimal rotating thermodynamic systems are addressed. Particle m placed into the rotating symmetrical double-well potential (bowl), providing binary logical system is considered. The condition providing the transfer of the particle from one frictionless half-well to another, and in this way possibility to record 1 bit of information is derived. The procedure of recording turns out to be irreversible; it is impossible to return the particle to its initial state under rotation about the same axis. The same rotating double-well system exerted to the thermal noise is considered. Minimal rotating thermal engine built of the rotating chamber, movable partition and the particle confined within the chamber is treated. Rotation of the system displaces the partition; thus, enabling erasing of one bit information. Erasing of 1 bit of information is due to the inertia (centrifugal force) acting on the partition. Isothermal expansion of the “minimal gas” expectedly gives rise to the Landauer bound. Compression of the “gas” with the rotation around the same axis is impossible and demands the additional axis of rotation. The interrelation between the possibility of recording/erasing information and the symmetry of the system is considered.

Logic-Based Conflict Analysis and Resolution

<p>The aim of this thesis is to explore the extent to which formal logic can be applied to the topic of conflict analysis and conflict resolution. It is motivated by the idea that conflicts can be understood as inconsistent sets of goals, beliefs, norms, emotions, or the like. To achieve this aim, two formal frameworks are presented. Conflict Modelling Logic (CML) is a logical system, based on branching-time temporal logic, which can be used to describe and interpret conflicts. Conflict Resolution Logic (CRL) is a set of five algorithms, inspired by the AGM model of belief revision, which can be used to generate possible solutions to conflicts. Furthermore, two numerical measures for the 'potential conflict power' of propositional formulae and the 'degree of inconsisteny' of sets of propositional formulae are introduced. The two measures allow one to assess the role of particular elements within a conflict and the depth of a conflict. The formal framework is illustrated with the example conflict of the Second Congo War.</p>

Logic-Based Conflict Analysis and Resolution

<p>The aim of this thesis is to explore the extent to which formal logic can be applied to the topic of conflict analysis and conflict resolution. It is motivated by the idea that conflicts can be understood as inconsistent sets of goals, beliefs, norms, emotions, or the like. To achieve this aim, two formal frameworks are presented. Conflict Modelling Logic (CML) is a logical system, based on branching-time temporal logic, which can be used to describe and interpret conflicts. Conflict Resolution Logic (CRL) is a set of five algorithms, inspired by the AGM model of belief revision, which can be used to generate possible solutions to conflicts. Furthermore, two numerical measures for the 'potential conflict power' of propositional formulae and the 'degree of inconsisteny' of sets of propositional formulae are introduced. The two measures allow one to assess the role of particular elements within a conflict and the depth of a conflict. The formal framework is illustrated with the example conflict of the Second Congo War.</p>

Reconstruction as a method of crime investigation

The purpose of the article is to analyze the method of reconstruction as one of the general scientific methods of criminology used in the investigation of crimes. The subject of research is the method of reconstruction in forensic science. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition: dialectical, historical and legal, formal and logical, comparative and legal, logical, system and structural methods, method of generalization. Research results. General scientific methods of criminology and their significance for crime investigation are considered. Reconstruction as a type of modeling method and its place in the system of forensic methods is defined. The signs of reconstruction and its features distinguishing from modeling are analyzed. The variants of reconstruction and their features are given. Practical meaning. The concept of reconstruction as an independent method of crime investigation and its implementation in the system of investigative (search) actions are proposed. Value / originality. Emphasis is placed on the need for further study of reconstruction as a special method of investigating crimes.

Investigative activities of operational units in the detection of criminal offences in the sphere of subsoil exploitation and protection

The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the search for signs of criminal offenses in the sphere of subsoil exploitation and protection. The subject of the study is the search activities of operational units in this area. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition: dialectical, historical-legal, formal-logical, system-structural, generalization, comparative-legal. Research results. The elements of search activity of criminal offenses in the area of subsoil exploitation and protection are established. Practical meaning. The most likely places of search and objects containing information on wrongfulness of the acts in the indicated sphere are identified. Value / originality. It is proved that process of detecting criminal offenses and those who prepare or commit them is based on the knowledge of the event of criminal offense by subtraction from the environment the changes that have arisen in connection with its preparation or commission of the traces left on the environmental elements, such as objects and documents.

On Development of Methodology of Establishing an Individual Belonging to the Upper Criminal Hierarchy Based on a Pictographic Criminal Writing

The article proves the special role of the linguistic examination of tattoos in the process of proving a person's involvement in the organization and management of criminal groups. A semiotic classification of tattoos used by so-called code-bound criminals is proposed. In the course of expert practice, the author was able to establish that in the criminal world, tattoos represent a logical system of postulates and criminal ideas. Therefore, the main thing for an expert linguist should be knowledge of the subculture of the criminal world: thieves' rules of conduct, argot, proverbs and sayings of the criminal community, prison songs, nicknames, the meaning of criminal symbols. It is important to keep in mind that tattooing is a gradual process and reflects the acquired criminal experience.

Legal Regulation and Organization of the Work of Management Subjects Related to the Dismissal of Employees of the Penal System of the Russian Federation due to the Loss of Trust

Introduction: the article considers problematic issues related to the work of management subjects (managers) and attestation commissions in situations when an employee of the penal system of the Russian Federation is dismissed due to the loss of trust. The aim of this study is to identify gaps in the current legislation on the service that arise when a measure of responsibility such as dismissal due to the loss of trust is applied; another aim consists in formulating proposals for improving legislation in this area. Methods: methodological basis of our study is represented by a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main place belongs to formal-logical, system-structural, and comparative-legal methods. Results: the study has shown that there are many problematic issues in the law enforcement practice regarding the dismissal of employees due to the loss of trust. The norms of the law do not clearly distinguish the components of corruption offenses for which an employee is subject to dismissal due to the loss of trust or may be brought to another type of liability. The issue regarding the status of the decision of the attestation commission remains unresolved; its decision is of an advisory nature, but at the same time, it is fundamental for making a decision by the employee’s superior. There is an ongoing discussion on the composition of the attestation commission; and options for the selection of independent experts are proposed. Discussion: dismissal due to the loss of trust is a specific type of disciplinary penalty, and its implementation is carried out by authorized management entities within the framework of disciplinary proceedings. The procedure for making a decision on the dismissal of employees of the penal system due to the loss of trust needs further improvement in its legal and organizational aspects, taking into account modern law enforcement and judicial practice.

Regulation of nature management with the application of fiscal methods

The purpose of the article is to develop and apply the concepts and mechanism of fiscalization to the processes of managing the collection of payments from business entities to the budget for environmental offenses. The research methodology - application of the resource approach to the defini- tion of concepts, abstract-logical, system-structural and comparative analysis, ranking. The scientific novelty. The mechanism of fiscal management of nature users for their environmental pollution is revealed; the peculiarities of the calculation of the ecological tax, the distribution of the amounts of the current tax between the state and local budgets are indicated; applied innovations are substantiated taking into account the factor of ownership of natural resources. Conclusions. The need for environmental fiscalization is due to the environmental situation in the country, the fiscal system, energy and industrial security, pricing policy, business activity, the country’s international obligations and other factors. Key words: management, fiscal, in the use of nature, property, people, waste, pollution, rates, natural objects.