TERMINOLOGICAL CHAOS IN LABELLING FALSE ONLINE CONTENT

The study deals with the issue of misleading information in the Internet environment. The authors define and analyse basic terms denoting various methods of disinformation. They point to the fact that there are specific terms and phenomena forming the thematic axis of the current discourse on disinformation practices in online media. They state that there is quite a lot of chaos in the field of terminology. This is the reason why they critically reconsider the existing knowledge related to disinformation, such as fake news and the like. The ambition of the authors is the conceptualisation of disinformation methods in the context of a broadening of genres and social background. They emphasise the need to research the issue because the information quality of various blogs, posts, comments, etc. raises many unanswered questions or incorrect answers. In their analysis of the issue, they use the basic methods of logical analysis, the hermeneutic approach, as well as selectively chosen examples of individual typological variants of disinformation.

ON ONE APPROACH FOR FEATURE SELECTION BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

Предлагается подход для отбора важных признаков при классификации наблюдений. Реализация подхода основана на построении логических правил на базе метода логического анализа данных и учете частоты использования признаков при их формировании для конкретной задачи классификации. An approach is proposed for the selection of important features in the classification of observations. The implementation of the approach is based on the construction of patterns based on the method of logical analysis of data and taking into account the frequency of using features when forming them for a specific classification task.

Analysis of Terms as an Instrument of Comparative Philosophy

The article continues the polemics on the problems of interaction of philosophical cultures in the era of globalization, which was started at the meetings of the Round Table "Geography of Rationality". The author gives answers to critical questions, explains the methodology and principles of her work with Indian philosophical texts. A short research of the meta-term "cognitive subject" is an example of her methods. The analysis of cognitive subject aimed to justify the absence of the concepts of reason and rationality in Indian epistemic culture, the cornerstones of Western epistemic culture, since Modern times. The justification was carried out by comparing the generalized model of the cognitive subject, abstracted from the writings of empiricists and rationalists of the XVII–XVIII centuries, with the generalized models of the cognitive subject, reconstructed on the basis of authoritative writings of three variants of Indian epistemological teachings: Advaita Vedānta, Jainism and Buddhism. From the author's point of view, the absence of the concepts of reason and rationality in India leads to the non-classical problem of pluralism of epistemic cultures, and the exploration of the meta-term "cognitive subject" allows us to find, on the one hand, intersections in the contents of epistemologies in Indian philosophy and Western metaphysics of Modern times, and on the other, their incompatible contents, which are specific manifestations of pluralism of epistemic cultures. For her reconstruction of the cognitive subject models the author takes the principle of "double perspective" in combination with the methods of hermeneutical and logical analysis of philosophical terms. The principle determinates the consideration of the theoretical object from two sides: European and Indian. Having appeared in the Western epistemic culture, these methods effectively work to objectify the results of socio-humanitarian research, thanks to which they are becoming increasingly widespread among non-Western cross-cultural philosophers. When the author applies the method of logical analysis to justify the absence of the concepts of reason and rationality in India, she is guided by the rules of logical semantics and the principles of semiotics. The compared terms, Western and Indian, are considered as signs with their own meanings and senses. The senses are understood as sets of predicates important for solving the author’s task. The author of the article, taking into account the experience of famous philosophers, negatively assesses the possibility of solving the problem of unambiguously correct translation.

Artificial sociality in the human-machine interaction

The article aims at clarifying the concept artificial sociality in the human-machine interaction by answering the question whether artificial sociality is a prerequisite or a result of this interaction. The authors conducted a logical analysis of the definitions of sociality and artificial sociality as presented in the scientific literature, and conducted an empirical study of artificial sociality in the human-machine interaction with three methods - comparison of means, correlation analysis and discriminant analysis. All three methods were used in the analysis of the same data: indicators of the potential of the human-machine interaction and G. Hofstedes six cultural dimensions. With these measurements of culture, the authors interpreted empirically the degree of its artificiality (based on the methodological assumption about the combination of natural and artificial in culture) which determines the development of artificial sociality. Based on the results of the application of three methods of statistical analysis, the authors conclude that in the contemporary world, there are both conditionally artificial cultures that are the most favourable for the development of artificial (algorithmic) sociality and conditionally natural cultures that hinder the development of artificial sociality. This type of sociality emerged under the development of writing and various methods of processing and storing information (catalogues, archives, etc.), i.e., long before the creation of machines. Artificial sociality is determined by the relative artificiality of culture, and is a prerequisite rather than a result of the human-machine interaction.

The Ethics of Controllability as Influenceability

We present a logical analysis of influence and control over the actions of others, and address consequential causal and normative responsibilities. We first account for the way in which influence can be exercised over the behaviour of autonomous agents. On this basis we determine the conditions under which influence leads to control on the implementation of positive and negative values. We finally define notions of causal and normative responsibility for the action of others. Our logical framework is based on STIT logic and is complemented with a series of examples illustrating the application. Our analysis applies to interactions between humans as well as to those involving autonomous artificial agents.

Cause of Action and the Right to Know. A Formal Conceptual Analysis of the Texas Senate Bill 25 Case

Bill 25 proposed by the Texas Senate in 2017 was created to eliminate the so-called ‘wrongful birth’ cause of action. This plan raised some questions about the ‘right to know’ and indirectly about rights in general. We provide a preliminary logical analysis investigating these questions by using deontic and epistemic logics within the theory of normative positions. This work contributes to the logic-based legal knowledge representation tradition, and to the formal conceptual analysis of legal rights studying the cause of action’s role in the debated relation between the Hohfeldian categories ‘claim-right’ and ‘power’.

Generalized Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger Arguments from Quantum Logical Analysis

The Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) argument against noncontextual local hidden variables is recast in quantum logical terms of fundamental propositions, states and probabilities. Unlike Kochen–Specker- and Hardy-like configurations, this operator based argument proceeds within four nonintertwining contexts. The nonclassical performance of the GHZ argument is due to the choice or filtering of observables with respect to a particular state. We study the varieties of GHZ games one could play in these four contexts, depending on the chosen state of the GHZ basis.