The Roles and Responsibilities of US Financial Institutions in Combatting Human Trafficking

This article presents a framework for analysing, assessing and systematising the varying financial aspects of human trafficking. We analysed 378 human trafficking cases, scrutinising police case file data to determine patterns and scenarios of associated financial aspects and transactions and corroborating these with police analysts. Our contributions are threefold: (1) to demonstrate the feasibility of analysing the before, during and after financial components of human trafficking while recognising obstacles to uncovering their entirety; (2) to reaffirm that while most known trafficking cases are not substantially profitable in financial terms, they involve varied operational and infrastructural financial costs; and (3) to argue that although financial institutions, such as banks, can be central to the dialogue with enforcement, the ability of many trafficking enterprises to operate outside formal financial institutions calls for a consideration of the interfaces and overlaps of the finances of trafficking within and outside the banking system.

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Conceptualizing the duties and roles of auditors in Islamic financial institutions

Humanomics ◽

10.1108/h-04-2013-0027 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 201-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Radiah Othman ◽

Rashid Ameer

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Work Requirements ◽

Content Type ◽

Roles And Responsibilities ◽

Islamic Perspective ◽

Finance Industry ◽

Islamic Financial Institutions ◽

Conventional Banks ◽

Islamic Economic

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the role and responsibilities of Shari’ah auditors in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in the auditing process in the IFIs, to highlight capacity building challenges in the Shari’ah auditing industry. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used a legitimacy theory to understand linkages between demand for Shari’ah audit and the role of Shari’ah auditors in IFIs complemented with the review the Accounting and Auditing Organization of Islamic Financial Institutions and Auditing Standard for Islamic Financial Institutions to understand the Shari’ah audit work requirements from an Islamic perspective. Findings – Shari’ah auditing is an emerging field of investigation. There is no doubt that conventional auditing has a significant influence on the auditing frameworks used in IFIs. Western auditing practices are undergoing a metamorphosis to meet the needs of stakeholders in the Islamic economic system. The role and responsibilities of auditors in IFIs are much broader than those found in conventional banks in relation to an examination of a variety of contracts, product structures, transactions reporting, preparation of financial statements, reports, marketing circulars and any other legal documents, which are pertinent to IFIs’ operations. Practical implications – We posit that the absence of a proper Shari’ah auditing framework and standards attuned to the needs of an Islamic economic system could dampen the future of the Islamic finance industry. The regulators and management of IFIs should meet the expectations of the stakeholders to whom they owe a duty of care by selecting competent professionals for auditing work, along with transparent policies and systems. Originality/value – This paper presents an attempt to establish auditors’ roles and responsibilities from an Islamic perspective.

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Do cryptocurrencies enable and facilitate modern slavery?

Journal of Money Laundering Control ◽

10.1108/jmlc-07-2020-0073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Ahmad Naheem

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Human Trafficking ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Content Type ◽

Operational Mechanism ◽

Modern Slavery ◽

Forced Labour ◽

Detection Mechanisms

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of cryptocurrencies in facilitating operations relating to modern slavery and specifically human trafficking. Over the past decade, law enforcement agencies and intergovernmental organisations have established mechanisms, including financial regulations, to curb and identify such operations. Regulation over conventional financial institutions has greatly aided in identifying cross-border and transregional trafficking operations. However, there remains concern over the role of cryptocurrencies in the modern trafficking enterprise. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows a review of the literature, discussing specific cases that have exposed the role of cryptocurrencies in facilitating human trafficking. This paper first presents a comprehensive discussion on the existing operational mechanism of organisations in human trafficking. Subsequently, it determines the potential use of cryptocurrencies in circumventing detection by law enforcement agencies. Findings This paper finds that existing controls have allowed law enforcement to identify illicit transactions concerning human trafficking through conventional financial institutions. However, the most effective mechanism of identifying such operations is becoming increasingly difficult with the use of cryptocurrencies. Although there are potential solutions to the issues, cryptocurrencies, and the anonymity they offer, have allowed criminal organisations to evade detection using a more active marketplace through the internet. Research limitations/implications Law enforcement agencies and regulators must take into account the nature of cryptocurrencies and the limitations of regulations on such global virtual assets. Instead, this paper’s findings suggest alternate methods, including regulation on exchanges, blockchain use for documentation and investments in detection technologies that allow identification of trafficking operations and forced labour. Originality/value This paper presents existing cases and growing concerns that cannot be quantified in the current circumstance. Further, the paper aims to specifically discuss the role of cryptocurrencies in the existing human trafficking supply chain, offering readers and law enforcement agencies a perspective into criminal organisations’ combination of conventional trafficking operations and modern technological resources. Further, it makes a recommendation to invest in detection mechanisms that are different from the conventional theory based on identification by “following the money”.

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Success Strategies: Implementing the Professional Performance Review Process for School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists

Perspectives on Administration and Supervision ◽

10.1044/aas19.1.4 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 4-9

Author(s):

Jill Parmenter ◽

Sheryl Amaral ◽

Julia Jackson

Keyword(s):

Review Process ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Self Advocacy ◽

Professional Performance ◽

Performance Review ◽

Roles And Responsibilities ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

School Based ◽

Review Management

Abstract The Professional Performance Review Process for School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists (PPRP) (ASHA, 2006) was developed in response to the need for a performance review tool that fits school district requirements for performance review management while addressing the specific roles and responsibilities of a school-based speech-language pathologist (ASHA, 2006). This article will examine the purpose and components of the PPRP. A description of its use as a tool for self-advocacy will be discussed. Strategies for successful implementation of the PPRP will be explained using insight from speech-language pathologists and other professionals familiar with the PPRP.

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