A New German Question? Germany and European Integration in Historical Perspective

2016 ◽  
pp. 49-65
2021 ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Michael A. Wilkinson

<Online Only>This chapter examines how post-war Europe was reconstituted through a new regional geopolitics of inter-state relations, an acknowledgement of the interdependence of internal and external domains of state action, and a change in the abstract meaning of sovereignty. Materially, inter-state relations in Europe were reconstituted through the response to the ‘German question’, extraneous factors of Cold War superpower rivalry, and the project of European integration. This was supported by constitutional developments. Domestically, these developments involved commitments to internationalism and Europeanism and the turn to counter-majoritarian institutions, disconnecting state sovereignty from popular sovereignty. Regionally, they involved the constitutionalization of the European Economic Community (EEC), cementing a functionalist ideology and depoliticization through juridical and technical avenues.</Online Only>


1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Brian Gran ◽  
Jytte Klausen ◽  
Louise A. Tilly

2014 ◽  
pp. 8-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstanty A. Wojtaszczyk ◽  
Jadwiga Nadolska ◽  
Jarosław F. Czub

The article presents the assumptions of the interdisciplinary research project, whose object of analysis are crises in the European integration process. The project distinguishes 12 planes of analysis of the crises, revealing their different aspects (crises in the integration process from a theoretical perspective, crises in the process of European integration from a historical perspective, axiological crisis, crisis of legitimacy, crisis of the model of democracy in Europe, crisis of the modernisation of the EU, financial and economic crisis, social crisis, structural crisis, crisis of communication, Poland and the crises in the EU, EU in the international arena during crisis). The article discusses the objectives and research hypothesis, significance of the project and the expected results of the project. For each module of the project, theories explaining the origin, nature, consequences and ways of overcoming the crisis phenomena were distinguished and the research methods by which research goals are planned to be achieved were specified.


1998 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Hoffmann ◽  
Jytte Klausen ◽  
Louise A. Tilly

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-190
Author(s):  
P. I. Falaleev

The development and implementation of the Marshall Plan has been studied quite thoroughly in both Russian and foreign academic literature. Nevertheless, certain aspects of this problematique require further examination, particularly the reaction of the Western European countries to the initiative of the Secretary of State G. Marshall, as well as the impact of the Plan on the process of the European integration in general. The paper demonstrates that this reaction was far from simple and often contradictory since the key Western states had very different views on the future of mutual relations, as well as on the prospects for post-war recovery and development of Europe. The paper examines the evolution of the French and British leaders’ views on these issues from the first discussions of the projects to provide US aid to Western Europe to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The negotiations revealed significant points of disagreement among the parties particularly regarding the relations with the USSR, the German question, and conditions for receiving assistance from the United States. The author stresses that the need to defend their interests during the course of negotiations with the US representatives contributed greatly to the rapprochement of Britain and France and, at the same time, catalyzed debates on the integration of Western Europe. In this regard the author emphasizes that the idea of regional economic integration received mixed reaction in the American elites. While some considered this process as an effective means of bringing the Western countries together, particularly, over the German question, others feared that integration of Western Europe could potentially lead to the emergence of a new competitor to the USA. The author concludes that the growing popularity of integration projects in Europe in 1947–1948 stemmed from a range of factors, including both a combination of internal European political processes and short-term and long-term consequences of the Marshall Plan. Whereas in terms of economic development of Western Europe the latter were rather ambiguous and are still the subject of controversy, in terms of world politics the Marshall Plan exacerbated block-to-block confrontation in Europe, characteristic of the Cold War period.


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