Political Marginality and Social Class in Historical Perspective

2018 ◽  
pp. 565-575
Author(s):  
Irving Louis Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Historical Perspective

Schooling in France: From Organizational to Informal Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 673 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Chapoulie
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Public Schooling ◽  
Fifth Republic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Class Origin

This article presents a broad historical perspective on inequality in French primary and secondary public schooling (from age 6 to 18), with emphasis on policy debates and institutional consequences of public policy. During the Third and Fourth Republics (1870–1959), schooling was provided in three gender-segregated tracks for different social classes. Under the Fifth Republic (since 1960), educational tracks after age 16 have been coeducational and ostensibly indifferent to social class origin, focusing instead on previous academic achievement and students’ prospects for higher education or for jobs. Recent changes have seen a massive expansion in schooling, and have sought but failed to produce greater social class equality. I argue that recent attempts to mitigate inequality have failed because success in school depends on the cultural and educational background of students’ parents and also because upper- middle-class parents use various means—economic means and ability to capitalize on social connections—to enable their children to go to the best schools.

scholarly journals Politeness in the German Ethnosocium: The Diachronic Aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Svetlana Takhtarova ◽  
Ramil Khairutdinov ◽  
Darya Abuzyarova ◽  
Olga Morosova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
German Language ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
Critical Ethics

Abstract The article is devoted to the consideration of the main characteristics of politeness as a sociocultural phenomenon based on the material of the German linguistic culture in a historical perspective; a general characteristic of codified and individual politeness is given. The dominant features of German politeness in the diachronic aspect are determined. The ambivalent attitude towards politeness in the German ethnic society was determined not only by the development of society, but also by foreign policy priorities in a specific historical period. Calls for politeness intensified in Germany at historical turning points and were aimed either at reminding the new, emerging social strata of the norms of behavior of the older generation, or with the goal of reporting on the virtues of the new social class. The paper concluded that German politeness throughout its development was marked by the confrontation of two directions - the desire for tactful, indirect politeness and commitment to critical ethics, advocating traditional German honesty and frankness. The juxtaposition of formal, external and internal politeness is consistently carried out in studies devoted to various aspects of politeness on the material of the German linguistic culture. The article presents the results of an associative experiment aimed at determining how the German language speakers understand politeness and allowed to establish the modification of the dominants of politeness and polite behavior in the modern German ethnic society.

To Fall from High or Low Estate? Tragedy and Social Class in Historical Perspective

PMLA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Hall
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
New City ◽  
City State ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Human Condition

In a famous essay, the agnostic bertrand russell hailed tragedy as the highest instantiation of human freedom. tragedy results from human beings' persistence in the conscious, imaginative representation of the plight of humanity in the inhumane universe. Tragedy “builds its shining citadel in the very centre of the enemy's country, on the very summit of his highest mountain; … within its walls the free life continues, while the legions of Death and Pain and Despair, and all the servile captains of tyrant Fate, afford the burghers of that dauntless city new spectacles of beauty” (53-54). Russell's “servile captains of tyrant Fate” are the instruments by which metaphysical compulsion tortures humans—Death and Pain and Despair. Man, instead of allowing himself to be terrorized as “the slave of Fate,” creates tragedy “to preserve a mind free from the wanton tyranny that rules his outward life” (57). By transforming the human condition into tragic art, humans create their own world of resistance, in which they can be the truly free “burghers” of a dauntless new city-state of the mind.

Sleep Apnea—An Historical Perspective

1990 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Charles F. Koopmann, ◽  
Willard B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Historical Perspective
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