Bertrand Russell Sobre a Matemática nos Princípios

O presente trabalho faz uma breve análise do logicismo de Bertrand Russell, focando em especial nas suas implicações para a natureza da matemática. Conclui-se que o maior legado do logicismo é uma apresentação sistemática da unidade da matemática. Em anexo, há uma tradução do Capítulo 1 de The Principles of Mathematics.

Filsafat dan Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu

Philosophy is a science that is extensive, meaning that it is closely related to our daily lives. In fact, it can be said that philosophy is the driving force of our daily lives as individuals and as collective human beings in the form of a society or nation. Bertrand Russell explained that “between theology and science lies in a no man's land. This area is under attack by both theology and science. This no man's land is called "philosophy". Philosophy is said to be the "matter scientiarum" which is the mother of all sciences. Everyone who wants to learn the meaning of life must know the science of philosophy. Dr. Surajiyo in his book "An Introduction to Philosophy" stated that "philosophizing is nothing but living thinking and thinking deeply about life (living thought and thoughtful living). Philosophy of science is not just a methodology or procedure for writing scientific papers. Philosophy of science is a philosophical reflection of the nature of science that will not recognize a stopping point in reaching the target to be achieved, namely truth and reality. Understanding the philosophy of science means understanding the intricacies of science so that the most basic aspects and joints, to understand the perspective of science, the possibility of its development, and the interrelationships between branches of science with one another It can be concluded that philosophy is a science that studies seriously the nature of the truth of all things. Science is a method of thinking objectively in describing and giving meaning to the real world and has principles to organize and systematize. The indicators of science are: Accumulative, the truth is not absolute, objective. There are six phases of scientific development, including; Pre-Ancient Greece Phase, Ancient Greek Phase, Medieval Age Phase, Renaissance Age phase, Modern era phase, and the last Contemporary Age phase

SELF-REFERENCE, THEORY OF TYPES, AND CATEGORIZATION IN WITTGENSTEIN’S PICTURE THEORY OF STATEMENTS

Рассматривается источник логических парадоксов, выявленных Б. Расселом в системе обоснования математики, предложенной Г. Фреге. Самореферентность выражений, предложенная Б. Расселом как объяснение возникновения парадоксов, рассматривается с точки зрения разработанной им простой и разветвленной теории типов. Обосновывается, что теория типов, предложенная Б. Расселом, основана на онтологических предпосылках. Онтологические предпосылки зависят от предпочтения семантическому перед синтаксическим подходом, который принимается Б. Расселом. Рассмотрены синтаксические подходы к логическому символизму, которые позволяют устранить парадоксы с точки зрения языка современной символической логики. Анализируется подход к решению парадоксов Л. Витгенштейна, который основан на синтаксическом подходе. Показано, что этот подход отличается от способов построения языка, принятых в современной логике. The article analyzes the source of logical paradoxes Bertrand Russell identified in the foundations of mathematics proposed by Gottlob Frege. Russell proposed self-reference of expressions as the source of paradoxes. To solve paradoxes, he developed the simple and ramified theory of types. Ontological presuppositions are well substantiated for his theory; they depend on semantic, but not syntactic, preference. Contemporary approaches in symbolical logic prefer syntactic methods. But Wittgenstein’s approach in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is more interesting, especially from the perspective of his picture theory of statements.

Early Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science

The pursuit of a definitive explanation of how scientists produce knowledge and what kinds of knowledge they produce became more urgent in the early twentieth century as science became increasingly important to society in the form of society-transforming technologies. As the century proceeded, philosophy of science emerged as a subdiscipline within philosophy, coordinate with the elusiveness of the goal of explaining science. By mid-century, philosophers, many trained in the physical sciences, had displaced scientists as the dominant figures in this effort. Henri Poincaré proposed a Mach-like relationalist theory of science, Bertrand Russell defended a logical atomism theory indebted to Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Percy Bridgman defended a theory he called operationalism. Concurrently, William James and John Dewey developed the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce into an action- and belief-based explanation of science. But the dominant philosophy of science from the 1920s through the 1950s was logical positivism/empiricism.

Mysticism and Early Analytic Philosophy

Early analytic philosophy is known for its logical rigor that seems to leave no place for non-rational sources of knowledge such as mystical experiences. The following paper shows on the example of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein that despite of this early analytic philosophy was interested in mysticism and it also shows the roots of this interest. For Russell an application of logical methods to solving philosophical puzzled was an expression of a more fundamental striving – to know the world as it is, sub specie aeternitatis – which is mystical in nature. In turn early Wittgenstein’s philosophy sets the limits of meaningful propositions and provides the distinction between what can be said and what can only be shown and what manifests itself in the world. The latter belongs to the realm of the mystical.

Work, Care, and Gender. The science of (un)happiness

“This book is not addressed to the learned, or to those who regard a practical problem merely as something to be talked about,” with this sentence English philosopher Bertrand Russell began The Conquest of Happiness and it has become an inspiration for me and a starting point for my analysis. Staying true to Russell's ideas, I have written a book which—I believe—can be addressed to all (scholars as well) who are interested in happiness and how it can be achieved. I have placed my considerations on happiness in the areas we all know: family, marriage, children and gender. When writing the book I surfed through Internet forums and analysed the results of scientific studies in order to scrutinise Russell's seven causes of unhappiness: competition (when investing in children), boredom (of doing housework), fatigue (of double shift), envy and comparisons of mothers, males’ sense of sin, persecution mania and new fathers’ fears of public opinion. Let's be honest: my findings are not always nice. Not infrequently, the results of scientists' work contradict what we believe. Read it only if you are ready to face new and unexpected.

Sobre la relación de la Filosofía y la Educación en el pensamiento del siglo XX.

El artículo explora las posiciones sobre la educación de cuatro filósofos contemporáneos: Hans-Georg Gadamer, Karl Popper, Bertrand Russell y Theodor Adorno. El hilo conductor de la exposición consiste en explorar de qué manera estos cuatros pensadores han examinado la relación entre filosofía y educación tomando como hilo conductor el concepto de experiencia, entendida como la manera en la cual los diversos contenidos (tanto teóricos como prácticos) de nuestra conciencia forman un tejido coherente e inteligible. Tomando como punto de partida a Gadamer, para quien la educación pone de manifiesto el carácter continuo y de cohesión social de nuestra experiencia, la exposición avanza para mostrar de qué manera en las reflexiones filosóficas contemporáneas asoma una preocupación concerniente a los retos y el futuro de la educación: la descomposición de la experiencia, la desintegración de un horizonte cultural común con base en el cual los individuos pudieran formarse y reconocerse como participantes de una cultura.