Recent Developments in Complexity in Economics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Gallegati
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Theory Of Complexity

This research review identifies fundamental essays on the theory of complexity and its application in economics. The concept of complexity is linked to that of non-linearity, or rather of heterogeneity and interaction between agents. If a system is non-linear it cannot be broken down. When there is interaction, the total is not the sum of single causes, but rather the emergence of new facts. New properties appear that are not already present in the single elements. If the economic system is complex, mainstream economics is in a cul-de-sac where the macroeconomics is different from the microeconomics. The uncertain future and the agent-based models are the main tools for applying the theory of complexity.

scholarly journals Agent Based Models of Polymicrobial Biofilms and the Microbiome—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 417
Author(s):  
Sherli Koshy-Chenthittayil ◽  
Linda Archambault ◽  
Dhananjai Senthilkumar ◽  
Reinhard Laubenbacher ◽  
Pedro Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Living Organisms

The human microbiome has been a focus of intense study in recent years. Most of the living organisms comprising the microbiome exist in the form of biofilms on mucosal surfaces lining our digestive, respiratory, and genito-urinary tracts. While health-associated microbiota contribute to digestion, provide essential nutrients, and protect us from pathogens, disturbances due to illness or medical interventions contribute to infections, some that can be fatal. Myriad biological processes influence the make-up of the microbiota, for example: growth, division, death, and production of extracellular polymers (EPS), and metabolites. Inter-species interactions include competition, inhibition, and symbiosis. Computational models are becoming widely used to better understand these interactions. Agent-based modeling is a particularly useful computational approach to implement the various complex interactions in microbial communities when appropriately combined with an experimental approach. In these models, each cell is represented as an autonomous agent with its own set of rules, with different rules for each species. In this review, we will discuss innovations in agent-based modeling of biofilms and the microbiota in the past five years from the biological and mathematical perspectives and discuss how agent-based models can be further utilized to enhance our comprehension of the complex world of polymicrobial biofilms and the microbiome.

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