Labour market adjustment, poverty and inequality during liberalization

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Ganuza ◽  
Ricardo Paes de Barros ◽  
Rob Vos
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

Chile

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

During the 2000s Chile achieved rapid economic growth and improved most labour market indicators: the unemployment rate fell; the mix of employment by occupational position and sector improved; the educational level of the employed population, the percentage of registered workers, and labour earnings increased; and all poverty and inequality indicators decreased. The economy suffered a recession during the international crisis of 2008, but recovered quickly. The chapter shows that some labour market indicators were negatively affected by the crisis. The unemployment rate was the only indicator that did not return to its pre-crisis level by the end of the period studied.

El Salvador

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Output Level ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

During the 2000s, El Salvador experienced slow economic growth for Latin American standards. The country underwent a recession during the international crisis of 2008, but returned to pre-recession output level in 2011. Changes in labour market conditions were mixed. The unemployment rate fell, and the mix of employment by occupations, economic sector, and education improved slightly. However, the employment mix by occupational position deteriorated, and the share of registered workers and earnings decreased. Most labour indicators were affected adversely by the crisis, and some have yet to return to pre-crisis levels. Most poverty and inequality indicators fell over the period.

Changing Labour Market Indicators and the Rate of Economic Growth in Latin America during the 2000s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries

The Latin American region exhibited an increase in gross domestic product per capita during the 2000s, an improvement in all employment and earnings indicators, and poverty and inequality reductions. On a country-by-country basis, all Latin American countries exhibited positive GDP per capita growth rates during the 2000s. Most countries experienced substantial improvements in labour market conditions over the period, Honduras being the only exception to this general pattern. Finally, the growth rates of most countries in the region were negatively affected by the international crisis of 2008, which also affected several labour market indicators in the worsening direction. Most labour market indicators had fully or partially recovered by 2012–13.

scholarly journals Explaining the Prevalence of the Informal Economy in the Baltics: an Institutional Asymmetry Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin C. Williams ◽  
Ioana A. Horodnic
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Civic Morality

Reporting a 2013 Eurobarometer survey of participation in the informal economy across eight Baltic countries, this paper tentatively explains the informal economy from an institutional perspective as associated with the asymmetry between the codified laws and regulations of the formal institutions (state morality) and the norms, values and beliefs of citizens (civic morality). Identifying that this non-alignment of civic morality with the formal rules is more acute when there is greater poverty and inequality, less effective redistribution and lower levels of state intervention in the labour market and welfare, the implications for theorising and tackling the informal economy are then discussed.

Paraguay

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Market Indicator

During the 2000s Paraguay experienced slow economic growth but improved all labour market indicators. The growth process was erratic. Paraguay underwent a macroeconomic crisis at the beginning of the period, a recession as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, and a local crisis in 2012. Most labour market indicators improved between 2001 and 2013 following the erratic pattern of GDP. The only labour market indicator that improved almost steadily over the period was the educational level of the employed population. All poverty and inequality indicators exhibited an erratic behaviour over time, but fell overall between 2001 and 2013.

Introduction and Motivation for the Project

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Latin American Countries

This book examines the links between economic growth, changing employment conditions, and the reduction of poverty in Latin America in the 2000s. Its contribution is an in-depth study of the multi-pronged growth–employment–poverty nexus based on a large number of labour market indicators (twelve employment and earnings indicators and four poverty and inequality indicators) for a large number of Latin American countries (sixteen of them). It presents an exhaustive analysis of the growth–employment–poverty nexus which directly relates changes in all labour market indicators to economic growth, and changes in all employment and earnings indicators to changes in poverty. It also bases its analysis on a broader set of labour market indicators than those used in other studies.

Brazil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Time Poverty ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

During the 2000s, Brazil experienced slow economic growth and a substantial improvement in labour market indicators. From 2001 to 2012, Brazil grew less than the Latin American average. However, the unemployment rate decreased, the employment composition by occupational group, economic sector, and employment position improved, the educational level of workers rose, the share of registered workers increased, and average labour earnings went up. At the same time, poverty and inequality largely diminished. The international economic crisis had a mild effect on the Brazilian economy and some labour market indicators such as the unemployment rate, but the negative effects had been reversed by 2011.

scholarly journals Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

This book examines the links between economic growth, changing employment conditions, and the reduction of poverty in Latin America in the 2000s. Its analysis answers the following broad questions: Has economic growth resulted in gains in standards of living and reductions in poverty via improved labour market conditions in Latin America in the 2000s, and have these improvements halted or been reversed since the international crisis of 2008? How do the rate and character of economic growth, changes in the various employment and earnings indicators, and changes in poverty and inequality indicators relate to each other? Our contribution is an in-depth study of the multi-pronged growth–employment–poverty nexus based on a large number of labour market indicators (twelve employment and earnings indicators and four poverty and inequality indicators) for a large number of Latin American countries (sixteen of them). The book presents a positive and hopeful set of findings for the period 2000 to 2012–13. Economic growth took place and brought about improvements in almost all labour market indicators and consequent reductions in poverty rates. But not all improvements were equal in size or caused by the same things. Some macroeconomic factors were associated with changes in labour market conditions, some of them always in the welfare-improving direction and others always in the welfare-reducing direction. Most countries in the region suffered a deterioration in at least some labour market indicators as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, but the negative effects were reversed very quickly in most countries.

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