Three principles of environmental law: the polluter-pays principle, the principle of prevention, and the precautionary principle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri G. Wibisana
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle

Part I Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 363-364
Author(s):  
Nicolas de Sadeleer
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Preventive Policy

The conclusion highlights that the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles must be considered in terms of interaction rather than opposition, particularly since they are operationally interdependent. Indeed, the precautionary principle calls for the presence of prevention, which in turn implies support for the polluter-pays principle. A preventive policy that would no longer be financed by the polluter-pays principle would be destined to fail. In addition, the conclusions of Part I highlight that the polluter-pays, preventative, and precautionary principles are well represented in positive law; they are helping to shape new legal instruments and adapt mechanisms, not necessarily specific to environmental law, intended to achieve protective ends.

scholarly journals Applying the Precautionary Principle to Private Persons : Should it Affect Civil and Criminal Liability?

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Pardy
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
The Past ◽  
Precautionary Action ◽  
Domestic Law

The precautionary principle, developed in international environmental law, is a prospective concept. It can be used to decide what should be allowed to occur in the future. The question addressed in this article is whether, in domestic law, the precautionary principle should be applied retrospectively. Should precautionary behaviour be used as a standard to apply to the past actions of private persons, so as to judge whether those persons have acted legally ? In the civil realm, the answer is « yes ». Applying the precautionary principle in civil cases removes foreseeability requirements, and transforms liability based on fault into strict liability. In the criminal sphere, retrospective application of the precautionary principle is not appropriate. To require precautionary action on the part of an accused in an environmental prosecution transforms strict liability into absolute liability, and creates the potential for criminal punishment in the absence of culpability.

Part I Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Nicolas de Sadeleer
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Environment Policy ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Preventive Policy

Part I aims to clarify when and how the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles co-exist: complementing, enriching, and in some cases contradicting each other. It stresses that these principles could be best described using three distinct models representing three paradigms of regulation: a curative model, a preventive model, and an anticipatory model. A curative model of nature characterized the early stages of environment policy and shaped the polluter-pays principle. This model was practicable only if accompanied by a preventive policy intended to limit environmental damage. The emergence of increasingly unpredictable risks is at present causing the authorities to base their policy on a third, anticipatory model that gave rise to the precautionary principle. The three principles examined in the first part of this book correspond to the three models described in this introduction.

The Precautionary Principle in the Twenty-First Century: A Case Study of Noise Pollution in the Ocean

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Contemporary Problem ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
First Century ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Current State ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractThe precautionary principle is one of the most discussed ideas in international environmental law. However, despite over 20 years of dialogue, both its status and its aplication remains uncertain. This article attempts to rectify part of this difficulty by displaying the current state of play on the principle, and how it may be applied to a specific contemporary problem. The selected problem is noise pollution

scholarly journals APPLYING PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
Emmy Latifah ◽  
Moch Najib Imanullah
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Scientific Certainty

The aim of this paper is to examine an applying the precautionary principle in fisheries management. Precautionary principle is a principle where the possibility exist of serious or irreversible harm, lack of scientific certainty should not preclude cautions action by decision-makers to prevent or mitigate such harm. This principle has been accepting in widely international environmental law so that with applying this principle in fisheries management, it could be expected to provide an opportunity to progress towards sustainable fisheries development.

scholarly journals El ruido en el mar: ¿es necesario abordarlo desde el principio de precaución?

Bioderecho.es ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Morelle Hungría
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
The Precautionary Principle

El ruido en mares y océanos es uno de los más complejos contaminantes que existen y ello es una muestra de la necesidad, imperiosa, de que juristas se pongan a analizar tal compleja situación desde un planteamiento ecosistémico y a escala multinivel. Vemos como la contaminación acústica subacuática dispone de mecanismos e instrumentos jurídicos de control y regulación, sin embargo, parece que todavía los impactos que generan son de tal intensidad que existen ciertas lagunas, quedando mucho por descubrir. Desde este posicionamiento analizamos la necesidad de seguir bajo el prisma del principio de precaución o bien, priorizar sobre otro de los principios funcionales del Derecho ambiental, el de prevención. Underwater noise is one of the most complex pollutants that exist and this is a sign of the imperative need for jurists to analyze such a complex situation from an ecosystem approach and on a multilevel scale. We see how underwater noise pollution has mechanisms and legal instruments for control and regulation, however, it seems that the impacts they generate are still of such intensity that there are certain gaps, leaving much to discover. From this position we analyze the need to continue under the prism of the precautionary principle or, to prioritize over another of the functional principles of environmental law, prevention.  

Protecting Europe's water resources: policy issues

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer E. Enderlein
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Water Issues

Main policy issues for the protection and use of water resources cover the application of the precautionary principle, prevention of pollution at source, the polluter-pays principle, the sustainability principle, and the cooperation among States to prevent disputes on water issues. The paper describes recent developments and progress made by European countries in cooperating on these issues.

The precautionary principle and the burden and standard of proof in European and Dutch environmental law

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-131
Author(s):  
Rogier Kegge
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Fair Allocation ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Standard Of Proof ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Administrative Courts

This article offers an analysis of the application of the precautionary principle by European courts and the highest Dutch administrative courts in environmental cases. The precautionary principle is one of the leading principles in EU environmental law, but it has no unequivocal meaning. This makes the principle difficult to apply and the allocation of the burden of proof and the level of standard of proof complex matters. In the context of the allocation of the burden of proof, it is essential to make the distinction between the precautionary principle invoked as an obligation or a justification for protective measures. A realistic level of standard of proof is also essential. Without a fair allocation of the burden of proof and a realistic level of standard of proof, either the authorities or the appellants may be exposed to unequal procedural positions and unsolvable evidentiary problems. Analysis of the case law leads to the conclusion that the principle sometimes is misapplied by the Dutch administrative courts.

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