scholarly journals The Activities of the Tomsk Department of the Society for the Dissemination of Education among Jews in Russia during the First World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Tishkina
Keyword(s):  
Student Loans ◽  
First World War ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
World War ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Private Donations ◽  
First World

The article examines the activities of the Tomsk department of the Society for the Spread of Education among Jews in Russia (SEJ) during the First World War. The aim of the study is to comprehensively consecrate the main vectors of the work of the members of the Tomsk SEJ in the context of the global cataclysm. Based on the involvement of a wide range of sources, the article describes the cultural, educational and charitable areas of the department's work. The organization was financed primarily by private donations received from the representatives of the Jewish communities of Siberia through holding charitable events and returning student loans. As a result of the scientific research, it was concluded that the peak of the activity of the Tomsk department of the SEJ was during the war years. The society had to adapt to the realities of wartime, while at the same time accomplishing the main goal of the organization – spreading education among the Jewish population. For a long time being the only SEJ representative in Siberia, the Tomsk department managed to take an honorable place among the educational organizations of the region. Under the influence of the refugee and social movement, the representatives of other Jewish institutions began to appear in Tomsk, which most often consisted of the same people. However, the Tomsk department of the SEJ has managed to maintain its importance and relevance.

scholarly journals British Right-Wing Anti-semitism, 1918-1930.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Oliver Brown
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
World War ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Right ◽  
First World

This thesis investigates the prevalence of anti-Semitism in the British right-wing between the years of 1918 and 1930. It aims to redress the imbalance of studies on interwar British right-wing anti-Semitism that are skewed towards the 1930s, Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. This thesis is the first to focus exclusively on the immediate aftermath of the First World War and the rest of the 1920s, to demonstrate how interwar British right-wing anti-Semitism was not an isolated product of the 1930s. This work shows that anti-Semitism was endemic throughout much of the right-wing in early interwar Britain but became pushed further away from the mainstream as the decade progressed. This thesis adopts a comparative approach of comparing the actions and ideology of different sections of the British right-wing. The three sections that it is investigating are the “mainstream”, the “anti-alien/anti-Bolshevik” right and the “Jewish-obsessive” fringe. This comparative approach illustrates the types of anti-Semitism that were widespread throughout the British right-wing. Furthermore, it demonstrates which variants of anti-Semitism remained on the fringes. This thesis will steer away from only focusing on the virulently anti-Semitic, fringe organisations. The overemphasis on peripheral figures and openly fascistic groups when historians have glanced back at the 1920s helped lead to an exaggerated view that Britain was a tolerant haven in historiographical pieces, at least up until the 1980s. This thesis is using a wide range of primary sources, that are representative of the different sections of the British right-wing.

Source Document / Edition: Eine unbekannte Traupredigt Paul Tillichs

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Wilhelm Graf
Keyword(s):  
Critical Edition ◽  
First World War ◽  
Paul Tillich ◽  
World War ◽  
Source Document ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Long Time ◽  
First World

AbstractOn 11 October 1947 Paul Tillich conducted the wedding service of Dankwart Rüstow and Rahel Löwe. He gave the church’s blessing to the son and daughter of two friends, Alexander Rüstow and Adolf Löwe, whom he had known since his time as a Privatdozent in Berlin. Both had been involved to different degrees in the Kairos-Circle which had formed around Tillich immediately after the First World War. The sermon, which was unknown for a long time, is published here in a critical edition together with a historical introduction. Tillich makes use of two key concepts, ‘scattering’ and ‘re-unifying’ to illustrate marriage as a sign of the Exile.

scholarly journals ‘Weeping tears of blood’: exploring Italian soldiers' emotions in the First World War

Modern Italy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanda Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
War Experience ◽  
First World

Emotion plays a vital role in any rounded history of warfare, both as an element in morale and as component in understanding the soldier's experience. Theories on the functioning of emotions vary, but an exploration of Italian soldiers' emotions during the First World War highlights both cognitive and cultural elements in the ways emotions were experienced and expressed. Although Italian stereotypes of passivity and resignation dominated contemporary discourse concerning the feelings and reactions of peasant conscripts, letters reveal that Italian soldiers vividly expressed a wide range of intense emotions. Focusing on fear, horror and grief as recurrent themes, this article finds that these emotions were processed and expressed in ways which show similarities to the combatants of other nations but which also display distinctly Italian features. The language and imagery commonly deployed offer insights into the ways in which Italian socio-cultural norms shaped expressions of personal war experience. In letters that drew on both religious imagery and the traditional peasant concerns of land, terrain and basic survival, soldiers expressed their fears of death, isolation, suffering and killing in surprisingly vigorous terms.

scholarly journals THE FRENCH 47TH INFANTRY REGIMENT DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR: AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
E. Le Gall ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
French Army ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The First World War can be examined from the perspective of traditional military history as well as the perspective of the relationship between combatants and the environment. The author reveals based on a wide range of archival materials, printed media and ego-documents (diaries, memoirs, letters) the question of combat peculiarities of the 47th Infantry Regiment of the French Army considering with the influence of environmental conditions on the soldiers. The author demonstrates the dependence of the regiment's intensity and efficiency of combat operations on the terrain, weather and climate changes on the Western Front of the First World War. In the first phase of the conflict, soldiers were extremely vulnerable to even the slightest temperature changes (extreme heat, cold) due to their uniforms' problems. Physical strain from long marches across unfamiliar terrain and an extended stay in the trenches also harmed their health. The combat unit's active influence on the environment is also emphasised, with the pollution of the battlefield by sewage, leftover ammunition and weapons. The soldiers' health being adversely affected by the polluted environment (above all, the spread of contagious diseases, poisoning by chemical and metal warfare agents) is also considered. Severe environmental changes during battles also made combat operations more difficult. Thus, during the First World War, both the soldiers of the 47th Infantry Regiment of the French Army and all the other poilus became hostages to a severely altered environment due to the impact of millions of combatants.

The Red Cross as a Factor in World Peace

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (80) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Pictet
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Long Time ◽  
First World

The promotion of world peace, although of concern to the Red Cross, was for a long time outside the purview of its programme of action. However, after the First World War the International Red Cross, sharing the hopes of the nations, declared its intention to work thenceforth, not only in time of peace, but also for peace. Since that time, nearly all International Conferences of the Red Cross have adopted resolutions on the contribution which the Red Cross could make to this noble cause.

Jüdisches Leben zwischen Toleranz, Integration und Antisemitismus

2021 ◽  
pp. 523-553
Author(s):  
Christoph Lind
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
First World

Jewish Life between Tolerance, Integration, and Anti-Semitism. In the 18th century, Jews were strictly forbidden to settle in Lower Austria, with the exception of Vienna. Only the Toleranzpatent of 1782 made this possible, again under certain conditions. Free movement in the wake of the revolution of 1848 led to the immigration of Jews, mainly from Bohemia, Moravia and Hungary. By 1908, they had founded 15 Kultusgemeinden (Jewish communities), with the associated religious infrastructure, throughout the country. The constitution of 1867 finally made them citizens with the same rights as the majority society. However, anti-Semitism fundamentally questioned their successful integration and physical existence in Lower Austria. Jews, however, did not accept these attacks without resistance, but defended themselves with the means available under the rule of law. During the First World War, they contributed to the ultimately futile war efforts of the Monarchy. They welcomed peace in 1918, but had to look to the future with concern, faced with an anti-Semitism that was more aggressive than ever.

EUROPE AND ITS ORIENTS IN ZIONIST CULTURE BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARIEH BRUCE SAPOSNIK
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
National Culture ◽  
European Society ◽  
First World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Zionism’s call for a Jewish return to ‘the East’ was rooted in part in a broader European fascination with ‘the Orient’. This interest in ‘the East’ coincided in time and in much of its imagery with a conceptual division of Europe itself into its ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ parts. The Jews were deeply implicated in these twin conceptualizations of ‘the Orient’ and of Europe’s own orient at home (referred to at times as halbasien, or half-Asia). The notion that Jews – particularly those of eastern Europe – constituted a semi-Asiatic, foreign element in European society became a pervasive trope by the latter part of the century, and one to which Zionist thought and praxis sought to respond in a variety of ways. When Zionists in Palestine, mostly eastern European Jews transplanted further east yet to the ‘Orient’, set out to create a new Hebrew national culture there, competing images of occident and Orient – resonating with a wide range of racial, social, political, and cultural overtones – would play defining roles in their praxis and in the cultural institutions, the rituals, and the national liturgy they would fashion.

The Need for an International Legislative Drafting Bureau

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wilfred Jenks
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
World War ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
First World

The next few years are likely to be of critical importance in the development of the technique of international legislation by means of multipartite agreements. The interruption of the normal rhythm of international legislative activity by the war, the need to revise a substantial proportion of the principal existing multipartite legislative instruments in the light of the new conditions precipitated by the war, and the wide range of problems not dealt with in such instruments hitherto which have now been thrust into the foreground, will combine to produce an intensification of international legislative activity comparable to that of the years immediately following the first world war. The first steps are already being taken by the formulation of plans for a wide range of new international organisations, and when the necessary constituent instruments have been framed the whole of the existing corpus of international legislation is likely to be progressively reconsidered over a period of years.

scholarly journals Study of Cultural and Recreational Space and Practices of the Volga Region Citizens during the First World War: Resources of Regional Periodicals

2020 ◽  
pp. 516-528
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Semenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Upcoming Event ◽  
Leisure Facilities ◽  
Bearing Characteristic ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the newspaper materials published in the Volga region during the First World War as a source for studying culture and leisure. Emphasis is placed on the use of publications that were not official. It is noted that newspapers were the main type of regional periodicals. With their diversity, it has been revealed that publications on the topic were in promotional content (announcements of the institutions activities, their programs); in special columns on the topic bearing characteristic titles (“Sport,” “Theater and music”); in op-ed and critical articles, which were placed in the local chronicle (reports or reviews of events with their description, including the authors’ personal views); as photo with caption (an announcement of the upcoming event). Depending on publication, the structure and arrangement of materials varied. It is noted that periodicals are available in several databases, including digital ones, and can be used by researchers as a source for comprehensive and systematic study of the topic. According to materials of regional periodicals, during the First World War there was a wide range of leisure and cultural programs in the towns of the Volga region. They were typical for uezd and gubernia centers, but the number of leisure facilities (theaters, cinemas, restaurants, park areas) was larger in the gubernia cities. It is revealed that leisure of citizens included active forms of participation (organization) and passive ones (visits). It is proved that materials of regional periodicals can be used in reconstructing and analyzing the cultural and recreational space of the towns. Reconstruction is possible on the basis of the enumeration of data on cultural institutions and places of leisure. The analysis is based on studying the content of programs, composition of visitors, organizers, prices.

scholarly journals The centenary of World War I in Serbia: A war of monuments

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-149
Author(s):  
Alexey Y. Timofeev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Republika Srpska ◽  
Memorial Sites ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The anniversary of the First World War in Serbia has become an oc-casion for exacerbating public discussion and drawing attention to the rise of revisionism in NATO countries. Fear of a revision of the history of World War I infl uenced Serbian society and elites on the eve of the centenary. The concerned Serb elites responded with a wide range of events organized in Serbia and Republika Srpska. Within the framework of the commemorative events dedicated to the anniversary, monuments, installed and restored by the Serbian authorities and their foreign part-ners, have received special signifi cance. These were monuments to the Serbian patriot G. Princip, to the famous Iron Regiment, to the woman volunteer-soldier Milunka Savic. They are traditional fi gures of the Ser-bian memory of the First World War. At the same time, Serbian authori-ties did not succeed in their attempt to perpetuate in monumental forms the head of the Serbian military intelligence D. Dimitrievic-Apis, the leader of the Serbian nationalist organization Black Hand, which patron-ized the Mlada Bosna organization that prepared the assassination on Franz Ferdinand. The Russian-Serbian monuments of the First World War in Serbia presenting Nicholas II and the military brotherhood of the two peoples were of special signifi cance. All new monuments have become memorial sites and at the same time attractive points for vari-ous political forces expressing their sympathies and antipathies through symbolic gestures towards them.

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