scholarly journals The Desert’s Role in the Formation of Early Israel and the Origin of Yhwh

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
‘Uzi Avner
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Negev Desert ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of

The origin of ancient Israel has been questioned and intensively discussed for almost two centuries by many researchers, from two main schools of thought. One believes the early Israelites came from outside the Land of Cana‘an and conquered it, while the other believes they rose from within Cana‘an, forming a new polity and culture. Scholars are likewise divided whether the Israelite God, Yhwh, originated from the Near Eastern cultural environment or from the desert. A multitude of studies has been dedicated to these two themes, usually separately. This article attempts to examine the connection between the two through several themes: desert roots in the culture of ancient Israel, the origin of Yhwh, Asiatics in Sinai and the Negev, desert tribes and the copper industry, the location of biblical Paran, Nabataean data from Sinai which illuminate biblical issues, and others. By including materials which were previously underutilized or overlooked, these themes may be integrated to form a reasonable scenario of a chapter in the history of early Israel.

scholarly journals The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-317
Author(s):  
Marthin Steven Lumingkewas
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of ◽  
2 Samuel

Mark S. Smith merupakan satu di antara peneliti Kitab Ibrani; khususnya teks-teks ANET (Ancient Near Eastern Text) bersama dengan beberap ahli bahasa Semit barat seperti Frank Moore Cross, Michael D. Morgan dan Brevard S. Child.  Akan tetapi, Smith lebih dikenal dengan model interpretasi Israel sebagai satu entitas dengan bangsa sekitarnya – dalam hal ini Kanaan. Pendekatan ini menghasilkan metodologi penting untuk melihat Israel dengan cara berbeda – yaitu Israel sebagai bangsa yang identik dengan bangsa-bangsa Kanaan – berlawanan dengan pemahaman yang selama ini melihat kedua bangsa sebagai vis-a-vis berdasarkan informasi Kitab Ibrani. Buku ini berupaya menggambarkan upaya memahami Israel tidak dapat diperoleh melalui sejarah semata.  Berbicara mengenai Israel sebagai umat dengan beberapa mishpat, kemudian berlanjut menjadi sebuah bangsa dalam koridor monarki, sampai mereka masuk dan kembali dari pembuangan; termasuk di dalamnya sistem agama mereka, hanya dapat dilakukan melalui memori.  Memori yang dimaksud Smith dalam hal ini adalah melalui proses convergence dan differentiation. Pada masa awal Israel, bangsa ini tidak berbeda dengan bangsa-bangsa sekitarnya; termasuk di dalamnya sistem keagaman yang mereka anut. El, Baal, Anat dan Asherah menjadi allah utama Israel.  El menjadi sesembahan utama Israel bersamaan dengan Yahweh.  Baal menjadi sesembahan Daud ketika ia berseru Baal Perazim (allah memberikan terobosan) dalam 2 Samuel 5:20 dan 1 Tawarik 14:11 (hal.74-76).

scholarly journals Presentation of the Dossier

Caminhando ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Matthias Grenzer - Translation of João Batista Ribeiro Santos
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
History Of Literature

The Pentateuch is a cultural heritage of Humanity. The world narrated in it belongs to the second millennium B.C., and the narratives, poems, and sets of laws contained therein were composed during the first six centuries of the first millennium B.C. On the one hand, by bringing together epic, lyrical, and legal poetry, the one hundred and eighty-seven chapters constitute, in the form of five books, a masterpiece in the history of literature. On the other hand, it is literature that proposes to cultivate memory, either in relation to the narrated world, or in view of the period of its composer, sometimes narrating, sometimes legislating, sometimes singing. Moreover, as literature aimed at history, the texts of the Pentateuch promote enormous theological reflection. The main goal seems to be to think God. Thus the first five books of the Jewish Bible and the Christian Bible, with their narrated models of faith and behavior, turned into poems and defined by legal formulations, became the foundational reference for the religion of ancient Israel, of which Judaism was born and, from the latter, Christianity. Also Jesus of Nazareth, in the four New Testament Gospels, is presented in relation to Abraham and Moses, and stands out as a unique teacher with regard to the laws contained in the Pentateuch.

Wisdom Traditions and the Writings

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
James L. Crenshaw
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Wisdom Traditions ◽  
Wisdom Of Solomon ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores the wisdom literature and teachings of sages and scribes in ancient Israel, with a special focus on the postexilic and early Roman periods. Definitions of wisdom, sage, and scribe, their social status, their literary identities, and their teachings are discussed. Pertinent comparisons with ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature, Torah and Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the history of ancient Israel anchor presentations of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, and Wisdom of Solomon. The importance and pertinence of this literature and its teachings for ancient and contemporary seekers of wisdom are argued throughout.

Placing Ancient Israel in Its Ancient Near Eastern Context

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor H. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The focus of this chapter is on the methods employed in examining the history writing (historiography) of the biblical writers and editors, and of the task associated with writing a history of ancient Israel. In every instance an effort is made to place ancient Israel into its social, political, and economic context as part of the world of the ancient Near East. Also included is the current library of extrabiblical sources available to scholars that throw light on the history of ancient Israel. Attention is then given to the role of historical geography as it relates to a study of the history of the countries of the Levant, as well as an introduction to the values and limitations of archaeology.

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