MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS AND LODGING BUSINESS MODEL IN JAPANESE RYOKANS
The lodging sector in Japan has experienced a shrinking market size of traditional lodging providers (known as ryokans). Ryokans, which account for about 40% of Japanese lodging market, have operated their lodging businesses based on a unique business model that has been in existence for over 1,000 years. About 30% of ryokans are in a declining stage, where they are unable to break away from the traditional business models and are in a negative spiral of continuing deficits. The intent of this paper is to understand how ryokans innovate their business model while maintaining some of their traditional fundamental elements. This paper adopts a multiple-case study approach based on the two high-performing ryokans with long histories. Our findings add the ryokans’ commercial-cultural context to existing literature that describes the role of management control systems (MCS) in supporting business model innovation. Understanding the achievement of their business model innovation from a long-term perspective of about thirty years provides our paper with theoretical originality. We conclude that the weights of formal and informal controls in MCS are equal in the long term regardless of the direction of their business model innovation. In recent years, tourism policy has encouraged ryokans to use management accounting information to overcome their low-profit businesses. Our practical suggestions complement the tourism policy that presupposes the use of management accounting information alone, and support ryokan managers to use it as a part of MCS.