INCENTIVE MECHANISM FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED PAYMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE PPP PROJECTS: COUPLING OF REPUTATION AND RATCHET EFFECTS

The performance-based payment PPP model has been widely used in the infrastructure projects. However, the ratchet effect derived from performance-based reputation incentives has been largely overlooked. To overcome this shortcoming, ratchet effect is considered in the performance-based payment incentive process. A multi-period dynamic incentive mechanism is developed by coupling the reputation and ratchet effect. The main results show that: (1) Under the coupling of reputation and ratchet effects, the optimal incentive coefficient in the last performance assessment period is always greater than that of the first period. The bargaining power can replace part of the incentive effect; (2) Due to the ratchet effect, if the government improve performance targets through performance adjustment coefficients, it needs to increase incentives to overcome the decreasing effort of the private sector; (3) When the bargaining power and punishment coefficient are small, the reputation incentive is replacing the explicit incentive. The increasing incentive coefficient would make the ratchet effect dominant the reputation effect; (4) To prevent the incentive incompatibility derived from the ratchet effect, the government should increase the incentive while increasing the punishment to achieve the “penalties and rewards”. This study provides theoretical and methodological guidance to design incentive contracts for infrastructure PPP projects.

Joining Techniques Like Welding in Lightweight Material Structures

In order to take more stringent measures in fuel economy and achieve the determined performance targets, the automotive industry needs to reduce the weight of the vehicles it produces. For this reason, all automobile manufacturers have determined their own strategies. Some manufacturers use lighter aluminum, magnesium, and composite components in their cars. In this study, the joining techniques of lightweight materials such as welding and the processes of their industrial use have been examined. There is currently no single technology that can combine all metallic panels in a car body structure. However, it is known that various joining technologies are used together. With the potential to combine certain combinations of steel and aluminum, manufacturers and scientists continue to work to identify technologies with the highest potential for lightweight joining and put them into use in high-volume automobile production. Therefore, it is important to examine the weldability of light materials such as magnesium, titanium, and aluminum.

Performance evaluation of after-sales service partners in the power tools industry

After-sales service (ASS) is a product support activity provided to customers; after-sales service that focuses on quality can create a sustainable competitive advantage. This study aims to the ASS performance, analyze the causes of performance constraints that occur in ASS and recommendations for improving the performance of ASS conceptually. Service partner performance achievement can be assessed from four categories, i.e. very good, good, bad, and poor, based on the actual level of performance compared to performance targets. The sample of this research is 12 ASS partners in the electrical equipment industry in West Java and Jakarta. Factors causing failure were analyzed descriptively using the fault tree analysis (FTA) method, which involved experts in focus group discussions (FGD). Based on the evaluation, 25% of partners were rated good, 50% poor, and 25% very poor. Partner performance achievement is carried out on 22 performance indicators, of which 20 performance indicators have not achieved a good rating. These indicators relate to brand issues, warranty, training, parts control and stock management, pricing, and service systems, including service centers and service facilities. The proposed concept that becomes a recommendation for improving the performance of power tools ASS is improving the operating system and the selection of partners in the service center and service dealer categories with industrial customer segmentation.

Sequential vs integrated CO2 capture and electrochemical conversion: An energy comparison

Integrating carbon dioxide (CO2) electrolysis with CO2 capture provides new exciting opportunities for energy reductions by simultaneously removing the energy-demanding regeneration step in CO2 capture and avoiding critical issues faced by CO2 gas-fed electrolysers. However, understanding the potential energy advantages of an integrated capture and conversion process is not straightforward. There are only early-stage demonstrations of CO2 conversion from capture media very recently, and an evaluation of the broader process is paramount before claiming any energy gains from the integration. Here we identify the upper limits of the integrated capture and conversion from an energy perspective by comparing the working principles and performance of integrated and sequential CO2 conversion approaches. Our high-level energy analyses unveil that an integrated electrolysis unit must operate below 1000 kJ/molCO2 to ensure an energy benefit of up to 44% versus the existing state-of-the-art sequential route. However, such energy benefits diminish if future gas-fed electrolysers resolve the carbonation issue and if an integrated electrolyser has poor conversion efficiencies. We conclude with opportunities and limitations to develop industrially relevant integrated electrolysis, providing performance targets for novel integrated electrolysis processes.

Sustainability Challenges of The Landfill Gas Power Plants in Indonesia

As part of urbanization, waste causes a significant challenge in Indonesia. As part of the solution to this challenge is applying the landfill gas (LFG) powerplant. Various efforts are being conducted to implement the LFG powerplant in Indonesia. The literature review was conducted to focusing on the performance sustainability of the LFG powerplant. The explaining power capacity, expected energy supply, actual energy supply, problems, and their cause and impact data are presented. All LFG power plants show technical problems, such as leakage gas pipe, defected gas capture, absence of gas storage and purification equipment, and limited monitoring system. Financial and social challenges exacerbate the technical issues that risk the system’s sustainability, such as unclear funding mechanism, lack of capacity from stakeholders, and conflict with the local community. All of the issues hindered achieving performance targets in the powerplant development, operation, and maintenance phase.

Improvements in the Airtightness of Housing in Richmond, British Columbia

Controlling air leakage through the building envelope remains a challenge, especially in light of the imperative to transition to a net-zero energy building sector and the increasing importance of indoor air quality during extreme weather events such as wildfires. The British Columbia Energy Step Code is a performance-based compliance option in the British Columbia Building Code which is intended to provide a transition pathway to net-zero energy ready construction by 2032. For small residential buildings, performance targets entail thresholds for the measured air leakage rate through the building envelope. This paper reports on the airtightness of the first 145 single- and two-family dwellings built under the Energy Step Code in Richmond, BC. Although the first phase of the implementation of the Energy Step Code in Richmond entailed no airtightness targets (only testing), results indicate improvement compared to the historical levels of airtightness in the region.

PENGARUH KOMPENSASI DAN KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT MARUKI INTERNASIONAL INDONESIA MAKASSAR

Effective compensation can help companies motivate and attract employees to always improve their performance. Leadership is an important part in an organization or company to achieve all the performance targets set by the company. PT Maruki Internasional Indonesia has 241 employees, and with such a large number of employees good management is needed by the company, so as to create efficiency and effectiveness in achieving organizational goals. The purpose of this study was to analyze and determine whether compensation and leadership have an effect on employee performance at PT Maruki Internasional Indonesia Makassar.This study is a descriptive and causal research because this study aims to analyze the relationship between variables that describe the results of research using quantitative methods. The sampling technique used in this study is probability sampling with simple random sampling, because the number of population is known, then in determining the number of samples using the Slovin formula, with the results of the sample involving 71 respondents. The data analysis technique used descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.Based on the results of the descriptive analysis of the Compensation, Leadership and Employee Performance variables as a whole, the magnitude of the influence of Compensation and Leadership is 75.8% and the remaining 24.2% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. Partially, compensation and leadership have a significant effect on employee performance at PT Maruki Internasional Indonesia Makassar. Keywords: Compensation, Leadership, Employee Performance

The roles of performance measurement and management in the development and implementation of business ecosystem strategies

PurposePerformance measurement and management (PMM) systems have traditionally enabled strategy execution within and across firms. However, PMM have been criticized as overly static and deterministic and therefore inappropriate for emergent and dynamic contexts, such as those that characterize business ecosystems.The study aims to address the roles of organizational PMM practices in the development and implementation of business ecosystem strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors carried out a qualitative, longitudinal study during 2016–2020 at a Japanese multinational technology corporation attempting to create an ecosystem strategy to expand its market and diversify its offering. The authors collected interview, observation and archival data, spanning the period from framing the initial strategy to establishing the ecosystem.FindingsThe process of developing and implementing the ecosystem strategy was emergent and highly iterative, rather than planned and linear, eventually requiring key decision-makers in the company to challenge some of their deeply held assumptions. PMM practices first acted as barriers to ecosystem development by promoting an excessive focus on revenue generation. Once modified, PMM helped capture, convey and reassess the ecosystem strategy. Performance targets, indicators and strategy maps were not just data gathering and reporting mechanisms but key means to express competing perspectives.Practical implicationsWhen developing an ecosystem strategy, managers should adopt a participatory and iterative approach, reviewing the complementary effects of various PMM tools at different points in time.Originality/valueThe study is among the first to provide an in-depth account of ecosystem strategy creation and implementation and to identify the diverse roles and effects of PMM practices in dynamic and complex contexts.

Laser-Based Ultrasound Interrogation of Surface and Sub-Surface Features in Advanced Manufacturing Materials

Structures formed by advanced manufacturing methods increasingly require nondestructive characterization to enable efficient fabrication and to ensure performance targets are met. This is especially important for aerospace, military, and high precision applications. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated by laser-based ultrasound can detect surface and sub-surface defects relevant for a broad range of AM processes, including laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). In particular, an all-optical SAW generation and detection configuration can effectively interrogate laser melt lines. Here we report on scattered acoustic energy from melt lines, voids, and surface features. Sub-surface voids are also characterized using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). High resolution CT results are presented and compared with SAW measurements. Finite difference simulations inform experimental measurements and analysis.