Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century

Problems of World History ◽

10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 24-52

Author(s):

S.A. Fal’ko

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

Interwar Period ◽

Armed Forces ◽

European Countries ◽

Time Interval ◽

Military Assistance ◽

South Eastern ◽

Military Forces ◽

Military Modernization ◽

South Eastern Europe

This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization. The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed. One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries. The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time. The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process. The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period. The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization. The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.

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A major study on Ottoman architecture in Hungary

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ◽

10.1017/s0041977x00054343 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

Géza Fehérvári

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

European Countries ◽

Classical Period ◽

East European ◽

The Balkans ◽

South Eastern ◽

The World ◽

Ottoman Architecture ◽

South Eastern Europe ◽

Art And Architecture

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in Turkish art and architecture, an interest that embraces not only the monuments in Turkey proper but also those which were erected in south-eastern Europe during the Ottoman occupation. Thus a few years ago, when in conjunction with the World of Islam Festival a symposium was held in Edinburgh dedicated to Islam in the Balkans, the participants dealt with Islamic monuments in Bulgaria, Rumania, Greece and Yugoslavia. The Ottoman monuments of Hungary are admittedly not as numerous as those of these south-east European countries; nevertheless,they represent the achievements of a period which is justifiably called the ‘classical’ period in Ottoman art.

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The parasitoid complex of Parthenolecanium corni Bouché in the city of Tbilisi and its surroundings and comparison with some other European countries

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485307005378 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

pp. 53-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. Japoshvili ◽

N. Gabroshvili ◽

B. Japoshvili

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

European Countries ◽

Seasonal Abundance ◽

Populated Area ◽

Soft Scale ◽

Parasitoid Complex ◽

South Eastern ◽

Plant Damage ◽

South Eastern Europe ◽

The City

AbstractThe European fruit lecanium (EFL), Parthenolecanium corni Bouché (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), is a common and harmful soft scale, which attacks Fraxinus oxycarpa Willd. and other ornamental and orchard plants in Tbilisi, Georgia. This study investigates the phenology, degree of plant damage and effect of parasitoids on this scale in Tbilisi, a densely populated area. We present data on the 32 species of chalcidoid parasitoids recorded from EFL in Georgia and south-eastern Europe. The scale is heavily parasitized in Tbilisi, but we did not find any variation in seasonal abundance. The most common parasitoid of EFL was Blastothrix longipennis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

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SODELOVANJE SLOVENSKE VOJSKE V MEDNARODNIH OPERACIJAH IN NA MISIJAH V LUČI ZUNANJE POLITIKE REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES ◽

10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.14.4.3 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 47-66

Author(s):

BRANKO PODBREŽNIK

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Military Force ◽

International Peace ◽

South Eastern ◽

Political Views ◽

International Obligations ◽

South Eastern Europe ◽

The Republic

Slovenska vojska mora biti v okviru svojih nalog sposobna izvesti vojaško obrambo države, izpolnjevati mednarodne obveznosti, sodelovati v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah (MOM) ter v sistemu varstva pred naravnimi in drugimi nesrečami. Odločitev države o sodelovanju v MOM je v številnih državah precej zapletena zaradi različnih in med seboj nasprotujočih si političnih pogledov ter ustavnih rešitev. Republika Slovenija aktivno sodeluje v MOM od leta 1997. Tako želi skladno s svojimi zmožnostmi in interesi prispevati k vzpostavitvi mednarodnega miru in sta- bilnosti, predvsem v svoji soseščini, jugovzhodni Evropi. Sodelovanje RS bo imelo v MOM predvsem funkcije varnostnih in zunanjepolitič- nih interesov ter ciljev RS. SV bo zato v MOM sodelovala predvsem z višjo stopnjo tveganja, ki zahteva poudarjeno vojaško silo, in ne več predvsem z operacijami, ki so bližje policijskim nalogam. Within its scope of tasks, the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) should be capable of providing military defence of the country, fulfilling international obligations, and participating in international operations and missions (IOM) as well as in the system of protection against natural and other disasters. In a number of countries, the decision to take part in IOMs is a rather complica- ted one, due to the versatile and contradictory political views and constitutional solutions. The Republic of Slovenia (RS) has been actively participating in IOM since 1997. This is its way of contributing to the establishment of international peace and stability, especially in its neighbourhood, the South-eastern Europe. The IOM engagement of the RS will thus be mainly marked by security and foreign policy interests and will no longer include operations closer to police tasks, but rather participation in IOM with a higher level of risks requiring enhanced military force.

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EDITORIAL

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES ◽

10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.15.3.00 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 9-10

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

International Security ◽

Armed Forces ◽

International Community ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Regular Feature ◽

South Eastern ◽

The World ◽

South Eastern Europe ◽

The Impact

In these autumn days, we celebrate 15 years since the first issue of the Slovenian Armed Forces Bulletin, which has over the years gradually grown, gaining the quality of the discussed defence and military issues as a rare and selected type of wine. The increase in the quality has also brought a new name – Contemporary Military Challenges – name that denotes the essence and contents of the publication, not only the publisher, as it was planned in the beginning of our publishing. In recent years, our introductions to various topics often included a few almost mandatory sentences about how the world was constantly changing, how globali- zation had brought about changes in all areas, including the field of security, how change was the only regular feature, and the like. At the same time, however, we feel relatively safe, as those classic, for some generations even historical, forms of danger no longer exist. Nevertheless, there are other forms of threats, and, in the 15-year history of our pub- lication, many authors have written about them. They were given a variety of names, e.g. hybrid threats that arise from a variety of situations, imbalances in the world, inequal opportunities for survival and many other factors. Topical issues in the field of security and defence thus never end. Some of the potential threats to security can be predicted, some not. Exactly the same applies to the locations where these threats arise. From a geographical point of view, some countries, such as Mali and Sudan, are very remote, but still close. In Mali, the Slovenian Armed Forces participate with troops, which work hand in hand with the international community to contribute to the security and prosperity of the country. The much less remote Italian island of Lampedusa is the location where North African immigrants are struck by tragedy. A complex situation, calling on the assistance of the international community, repre- sents a challenge for, both, regional and international security. In this issue, international security issues are in the focus of our interest. Authors Eric Ouellet, Jérôme Lacroix-Leclair and Pierre Pahlavi in their article The institutionalization of irregular warfare: the case of Darfur claim that legitima- cy as a social-political notion is oftentimes invoked to study intra-state conflicts, but it is rarely analyzed directly. They use and analyse the case of Darfur as an example of conflict that is similar to a number of other conflicts in the developing world, but highlights the critical importance of legitimacy in the use of force by a state. In the article The European Union training mission in Mali – Hungary’s involvement János Besenyő discusses the current security situation in the country, the course of events and decisions within the EU regarding its resolution and the involvement of Hungarian Armed Forces. In his article Security challenges in South Eastern Europe, Anton Bebler presents a comprehensive overview of the security situation in the region of South Eastern Europe, with an emphasis on the importance of its participation and integration in international security structures. Good governance of defence systems in globalization era is the title of the article by Damir Črnčec, who examines the impact of globalization on the defence and security systems. He includes the emergence of crisis, its analysis and his queries on how global the global crisis really is. He proposes a platform in Slovenia for discus- sions on this topic. The Western Balkans is a geographical base for Dragana Trivan who reflects on the Influence of corporate security on national security. He says that security is a pre- requisite and of vital importance for a stable economic development and successful implementation of public services. They both promote legitimacy and strengthening of social cohesion in the country. In his article Strategic military news management policy – personal experiences from different wars Valentin Areh as a war correspondent presents the errors and examples of good practice from different armed forces. According to his personal experience, the most elaborate and developed public relations concept is the U.S. “embedded media program”, which proved successful from the perspective of the military as well as the media.

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