scholarly journals Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-291
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Forrest Masters
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Trunk Diameter

This research aimed to evaluate impact of slicing the outer edge of container root balls, initial tree size at planting, and root ball composition on post-planting tree stability in a simulated wind storm. One-hundred twenty Cathedral Oak® live oak were planted in March 2005. Thirty field-grown trees were transplanted, and 60 trees of similar size were planted from 170 L containers. Root ball sides on 30 containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty smaller trees from 57 L containers were planted without slicing. Trees were pulled with an electric winch, and blown with a hurricane simulator in 2007. Slicing the root ball had no impact on root growth, bending moment, or bending stress. More bending stress was required to pull field-grown trees than trees planted from containers of either size. Growing trees in containers for three years prior to landscape planting changed root morphology compared to field-grown trees, which corresponded to reduced stability. Trees planted from small containers were as stable as those from larger containers. Root cross-sectional area windward correlated the most with bending stress required to tilt trees with a winch and cable. Bending moment scaled to the 3.4 power of trunk diameter.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Type and Root Pruning on Growth and Anchorage After Planting Acer rubrum L. into Landscape Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Container Type

Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’ were grown in #3 containers of eight types, then shifted to #15 containers, then finally into #45 containers. Half the trees were root pruned by removing periphery 3 cm of root ball at each shift to larger containers. In addition to and simultaneous with being shifted into successively larger containers, some trees from each container size were planted directly into soil. Type of container and root pruning had no impact on trunk diameter, tree height, or root cross-sectional area on trees planted into soil from any container size. Type of container influenced architecture of planted root systems evaluated when all trees were five-years-old with limited impact on anchorage. Container type only impacted anchorage of trees planted from #45 containers, and impact was small. In contrast, shaving root balls during production substantially reduced imprint left by all containers evaluated when trees were five-years-old. Shaving during production also improved anchorage by 20%–25% compared to not root pruning. More roots grew on north than the south side of tree in the nursery and landscape. Bending stress increased with trunk angle and its square while winching trunks to five degrees tilt.

scholarly journals Effect of Liner Container Size, Root Ball Slicing, and Season of Root Pruning in a Field Nursery on Quercus virginiana Mill. Growth and Anchorage After Transplanting

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Dormant Season

Size of liner, root ball slicing when field planting, and field root pruning season were tested with intention of optimizing posttransplant performance of field-grown nursery stock. Trees planted into a field nursery from three container sizes and either root ball sliced or not when shifted to larger containers or planting to the field nursery, and root pruned in the field nursery in either the dormant season or growing season all had the same trunk diameter (144 mm) and tree height (6.4 m) three years after transplanting into the landscape. Container size influenced root attributes—including number and orientation—and anchorage rating of field-harvested trees. Trees planted from 11 L containers required more bending stress to winch trunks evaluated 12 and 25 months after transplanting than larger containers. Percentage of root systems graded as culls was reduced from 88 to 66 by root pruning when field planting, but root pruning resulted in a slight reduction in anchorage rating. Diameter of the ten largest roots at edge of field-harvested root ball decreased with size of container planted into field soil. Root pruning season had no impact on final tree height (4.3 m) at the conclusion of field production.

scholarly journals Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Establishment of Quercus virginiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Establishment Rate

Significant differences may exist in establishment rate between trees planted from containers and those from field nursery. Containergrown plants have root balls with deflected roots which could impact establishment. Slicing root balls at planting could improve postplanting performance of container-grown trees. Sixty live oak 170 L containers were planted into landscape field soil. Root balls from 30 of these containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty field-grown trees of slightly larger size, and 30 smaller trees from 57 L containers, were also planted. During dry periods in the first 432 days after planting (DAP), 57 L container trees had the least negative xylem potential. Field-grown trees had the most negative xylem potential when irrigation was withheld 12 DAP. Slicing root balls had little impact on xylem water potential in drought. Defoliation was greater for 170 L container trees than for 57 L containers. Trunk diameter increase of 57 L containers and field-grown trees was greater than for 170 L containers. Field-grown trees grew less in height. Root system radius was similar for 170 L containers and field-grown trees, and greater than 57 L containers. Small trees appear to establish quicker than larger trees.

scholarly journals Production Method and Irrigation Effects Postplanting Root Morphology of Quercus virginiana

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 605f-606
Author(s):  
Michael D. Marshall ◽  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Quercus virginiana trees were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 inches), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5-m- (60-inch-) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated at the periphery of the tree spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The increase in root cross-sectional area occurred for roots 5 to 20 mm in diameter at the 0- to 25-cm and 75- to 100-cm soil depths. Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees; however, root number in CG trees decreased without frequent irrigation.

scholarly journals Pruning of Buttress Roots and Stability Changes of Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Bruce Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Pull Tests

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of buttress root pruning on tree stability and to compare different methods of correlating various root parameters to force levels. Ten plantation-grown Acer rubrum (red maple) trees were pulled to an angle of one degree from vertical with measured force, then roots were individually severed near the trunk and the pull tests were repeated until roots had been pruned from 50% of the circumference. Test trees had 6 to 10 buttress roots. There was a nearly direct linear relation between the number of roots removed and the force applied. When comparing four assessment methods to determine pull force change associated with root pruning, the method that had the greatest amount of variability explained by the regression was the comparison of the cross-sectional area of roots cut to the force. However, relating the percentage of buttress roots cut to the force provided only slightly less accurate information, and was more easily collected prior to tree removal.

scholarly journals Impact of Landscape Tree Stabilization System and Nursery Production Method on Anchorage and Growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Stabilization System ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth and anchorage one year after landscape planting of red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’) from both a field and container nursery that were stabilized with above- or belowground systems. Trunk diameter increased more for trees planted from containers with soilless substrate (17 mm) than trees with a soil root ball from a field nursery (14 mm); however, there was no impact of nursery production method on tree height. Trees secured with a guying system grew less in trunk diameter than trees secured with a belowground system, with a tall wood stake system, or the non-staked control. Guyed trees were taller than trees secured with a root-ball stabilization system. More bending stress was required to winch trees transplanted from the field nursery than trees from containers immediately after releasing stakes one year after planting. There was no difference among stabilization systems in bending stress to winch to any trunk tilt angle, indicating similar anchorage across systems. Moreover, trees stabilized for one year required the same bending stress to winch as controls, indicating that stabilizing trees for one year with any of the systems tested did not reduce anchorage compared to non-stabilized trees.

scholarly journals Nursery Planting Depth, Mulch Application, and Root Pruning at Landscape Planting Affect Tree Health and Anchorage

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ball Surface ◽  
Root Collar

Influence of root collar depth in a nursery root ball and potential root remediation when planting into the landscape are subject of increasing research. Mulch placement on root ball surface at planting has also been called into question recently. Trees planted deeply in nursery containers required ≥41% more time to remove substrate and roots growing over the root collar at planting than trees planted shallowly. Circling roots on trees planted from 170 L containers persisted for five growing seasons after planting into the landscape unless remediated by pruning at planting. Root remediation improved Ulmus and Acer root systems by dramatically reducing percent trunk circled with roots without influencing post-planting xylem potential, crown growth, or anchorage during the first five years after landscape planting. Mulch placed on the root ball surface caused more re-growth of circling roots on Acer—but not Ulmus—following root remediation. Bending stress to tilt trunks was most correlated with cross-sectional area of leeward and straight roots on Ulmus or windward and straight roots on Acer. The initial increase with time in bending stress required to tilt trunks after planting followed by a drop in bending stress suggests that trees planted from nursery containers could be more susceptible to uprooting in a wind storm as they became established beyond three or four years.

scholarly journals Root Pruning at Planting and Planting Depth in the Nursery Impact Root System Morphology and Anchorage

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Christine Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Bending Moment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Trunk Tilt

Quercus virginiana Mill. Highrise® were planted into 10 L and then 57 L plastic nursery containers at two depths for a total of four depth combinations, and then root pruned in one of three different manners when planted into the landscape. Nursery planting depth had no impact on growth in the nursery or bending moment required to tilt trunks in the first two years following landscape planting. Root pruning when planting into landscape by either method tested had no effect on growth the first two years. Number of roots circling inside the root ball was reduced by shaving or deep root ball slicing two growing seasons after planting. Root balls that were either sliced or shaved generated more roots in landscape soil one growing season after landscape planting than those that were not root pruned, which probably explained the greater bending moment required to pull trees out of the ground. Total cross-sectional root area one growing season after landscape planting was greater on shaved trees than those not root pruned at planting. Bending moment at 20 degrees trunk tilt was best correlated with cross sectional area of roots growing straight across the periphery of the root ball and into landscape soil.

scholarly journals Production Method and Irrigation Affect Root Morphology of Live Oak

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Michael D. Marshall ◽  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak

Abstract Trees of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 in), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5 m (60 in) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated for all roots at the periphery of the tree-spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The greater root cross-sectional area occurred in roots 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) in diameter at soil depths of 0–25 cm (0–9.8 in) and 75–100 cm (29.5–39.3 in). Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees. However, root number in CG trees was lower without frequent irrigation.

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