Abstract
Vitamin D and its Relation to Type II Diabetes Control and Complications
Background:
Type II diabetes (T2D) prevalence in Saudi Arabia is among the highest in the MENA region according to the recent International Diabetes Federation published statistics. Recent study suggested that around 54% of the screened T2D patients have vitamin D deficiency. Our aim is to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relation to glycemic control and T2D related complications.
Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Diabetes Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia for T2D patients whom age > 18 years and were seen in the clinic between Aug2015-Jan2017 and agreed to participate. We excluded those with gestational diabetes and type I diabetes. Baseline characteristics and measurement were obtained by the participated physician. Laboratory data was collected from the patient’s EMR. We considered those whom have vitamin D level below 30 (ng/ml) to be deficient.
Result:
A total of 228 patients with a mean age of 59.1 + 12.5 years, diabetes duration of 10.6 + 8.8 years, BMI of 33.4 + 6.2 kg/m2, heart rate 81.6 + 12.5, systolic BP 130.8 + 19.6, diastolic BP 75.4 + 9.9, fasting glucose 9.4 + 9.5 mmol/l, HbA1c 8.0 + 2.1%, vitamin D 23.2 + 12.3 ng/ml, serum creatinine 73.8 + 22.2, total cholesterol 4.5 + 1.1, LDL 2.7 + 0.9, triglyceride 1.6 + 0.8.
76.3% of the screened patients had vitamin D deficiency. Compared to those with vitamin D deficiency, those with normal vitamin D level less likely to have hypertension (P 0.521), to be male (P 0.028), to have microalbuminuria (P 0.331), and to be diagnosed with neuropathy and retinopathy (P 0.431 and 0.185 respectively). Also those with normal vitamin D were older (P 0.537),has shorter T2D duration (P 0.231), higher BMI (P 0.097), lower pulse rate (P 0.127), lower SBP (P 0.228), higher DBP (P 0.275), lower HbA1c (P 0.027), lower FBG (P 0.093), lower serum creatinine (P 0.039), and lower total cholesterol and LDL (P 0.497 and 0.404 respectively) when compared to those with vitamin D deficiency.
Adjusting for age, gender, diabetes duration, BMI, SBP, DBP, vitamin D supplements and dosage, there was non-significant correlation between HbA1c and vitamin D level.
Conclusion:
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among our sample of T2D patients. In the non-adjusted modules, vitamin D deficiency were non-significantly associated with more microvascular complications and worse measured cardiovascular markers. Also, T2D patients with vitamin D deficiency had significantly higher HbA1c which were non-significant when adjusted for related variables.
A Study on the Prevalence of Obesity in Type II Diabetes Mellitus among Female Adults Aged 20-50 Years Attending Abha and Khamis Mushayat Diabetic Centres in Saudi Arabia