scholarly journals Martijn van der Burg, Napoleonic Governance in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Conquest, Incorporation, and Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-374
Author(s):  
Brecht Deseure
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Northwest Germany

scholarly journals Conquest and Incorporation: Pays Conquis or Pays Réunies?

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-65
Author(s):  
Martijn van der Burg
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
The Status ◽  
Independent States

AbstractThis chapter investigates how the (nominally) independent states in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany were slowly but surely seized by French troops, and subsequently incorporated by imperial decree. The conquest and incorporation of the northern lands brought about radical political changes, as well as dilemmas. How were new territories to be fitted in: as dependencies taken by force (pays conquis), or as new departments on equal footing (pays réunies)? And to which extent did ‘on equal footing’ mean eradicating regional diversity within the Empire? Whether uniform structures were imposed too promptly, or not, was contested. The Emperor sent confidants northbound, to investigate existing conditions. Vice versa, Northerners visited Paris, to exert influence on the status of their projected departments. For Dutch and German dignitaries it was of the utmost importance to acknowledge Napoleon’s droit de conquête, while lobbying for an integration form that did justice to local circumstances. Eventually, both areas were given a full status within the Empire, taking into account national peculiarities to a certain extent, but only as long as that did not harm the interests of Old France.

Correlation of marine events and glaciations on the northeast Atlantic margin

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1191) ◽  
pp. 619-635 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Littorina Littorea ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Arctica Islandica ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Middle And Late Pleistocene ◽  
Atlantic Margin ◽  
Age Determinations

Stratigraphic units representing high-sea-level events in Britain, northern France, Belgium, The Netherlands, northwest Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, are correlated by aminostratigraphy ( D (alloisoleucine)/ L (isoleucine) (ratios from Littorina littorea, Macoma balthic, Macoma calcarea and Arctica islandica ). The eight sealevel events recognized are modelled with the constraints provided by the oxygenisotope signal of sea-level variability, and available geochronometric age determinations for calibrating the D/L data. These data are used to constrain the timing and extent of glaciations in the British Isles and Scandinavia during the Middle and Late Pleistocene.

scholarly journals Five Centuries of Regional Development in Northwest Germany and the Netherlands

2011 ◽  
pp. 199-217
Author(s):  
Kees Terlouw
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
World System ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
German Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Developmental Opportunities

Germany and the Netherlands have developed very differently over the centuries. A closeexamination of Dutch and German regions show the differentiated way in which regions profitfrom the changing developmental opportunities of the world-system. This article studies long-term regional development using regional urban population in the Netherlands and NorthwestGermany. Initially the coastal regions profited from the emerging trade based agricultural world-system. Later on, state formation enabled some of the previously developed regions to regaintheir position. Industrialization concentrated the development. In recent times, developmentspreads, giving developmental opportunities to some previously disadvantaged regions that arewell located and well-endowed to profit from the recent developments in the world-system.

scholarly journals Revolution and Warfare: The North Before Conquest

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Martijn van der Burg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
French Empire ◽  
Foreign Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Right

AbstractThis chapter lays the foundation for an understanding of Napoleonic governance in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Dutch and German lands were governed in many different ways in the early modern age. During the eighteenth century attempts at reform were made in both areas, with varying results. The French Revolution was both admired and feared, especially as it became clear that the ‘liberation’ of Europe entailed aggressive expansionism. France’s growth showed the difficulties of imposing rules and practices on a hitherto foreign population. Which policies were effective, which not? True, German secularization and mediatization (the historic Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803), and repeated coup d’états in the Batavian Republic, restructured governance on the right bank of the Rhine. Yet, both in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany, the combination of awe of, and fear for, the French Empire strengthened identity formation, whether local, regional, or national, which was not necessarily beneficial for future integration into France.

scholarly journals Prefects: ‘Tools of Conquest’

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-122
Author(s):  
Martijn van der Burg
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the introduction of the prefectoral system in the North. The introduction of préfets was an expression of the desire to create a modern civil administration answerable to the central government. Attention is paid to its implementation, the selection and circulation of prefects, and their relationships with other actors. Napoleonic territorial governance meant a significant break with tradition, but its implementation was far from perfect. Although French legislation itself was not altered, in practice, many issues hindered the functioning of the prefectoral system in the incorporated departments, such as redrawing geographical borders and lack of understanding of Napoleonic governing practices. Creating support was difficult when no consideration was given to local circumstances and wishes—a challenge delegated to prefects. Stimulating personal mobility between different parts of the Empire was a possible means of accelerating integration. The case of the prefects in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany shows how the flow of imperial models, officials, and knowledge contributed to the interconnectedness of the different parts of the Napoleonic Empire, or conversely, how the lack thereof hindered integration.

The Devensian/Weichselian Late-glacial in northwest Europe (Ireland, Britain, north Belgium, The Netherlands, northwest Germany)

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. C. Walker ◽  
S. J. P. Bohncke ◽  
G. R. Coope ◽  
M. O'Connell ◽  
H. Usinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Northwest Europe

scholarly journals Conclusions: Incomplete Integration

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Martijn van der Burg
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Complete Integration ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis study set out to provide insight into the integration of the Netherlands and Northwest Germany into the Napoleonic Empire, through the implementation of Napoleonic governance, distinguishing several phases. This concluding chapter puts the research findings into a larger context. After exploring the collapse and legacy of Napoleonic rule, the successive stages of conquest, incorporation, and integration are reflected upon. Both areas experienced similar tensions between the Napoleonic desire for uniformity and diverse traditions. Either a ‘harsh’ approach or a ‘mild’ approach was chosen, depending on the actors involved and the interaction between core and periphery. Interests and actions were not aligned, and in more extreme cases, there was downright animosity between Napoleonic officials. Therefore, in neither the Netherlands nor Northwest Germany complete integration was achieved. However, there was no definite blueprint for integration, as different groups had conflicting ideas on the desirable level of, and path to, integration. Ultimately, integration was incomplete, but the degree of incompleteness depends on the divergent norms set by the various parties.

scholarly journals Subprefects: (Trans)Regional Tools of Integration?

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Martijn van der Burg
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
District Level ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Central State ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Potential Tool

AbstractThis chapter examines the Napoleonic subprefects who have been in office in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Within the prefectoral system, these sous-préfets were the highest officials at arrondissement (disctrict) level. Activities of subprefects, somewhat neglected by historians, give insight into how French tried to rally the locals, and how this affected the daily functioning of the Empire. Discussed are subprefects’ sociocultural backgrounds, imperial careers, and perception of Napoleonic governance. Subprefects had to balance national, local, and personal interest. Integration at district level was hard when the letter of the administrative legislation and the precise instructions from above were rigidly adhered to. Subprefects traveling the Empire linked events in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany to developments elsewhere, promoting integration into the Empire. Circulation patterns reflect different ideas on the required level of integration. It is argued that the figure of the subprefect was a potential ‘tool of integration’. That subprefects were close to the ground could contributed to the effectiveness of Napoleonic governance. But subprefects also coped with demanding prefects, and interference of other agents of the central state. Reversely, unwilling subprefects were in a position to hinder the integration process.

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