A sexing protocol for wild ruminants based on PCR amplification of amelogenin genes AMELX and AMELY (short communication)

Abstract. Based on the sequences of the bovine amelogenin genes, we have designed a protocol for sexing DNA samples of wild ruminants. Basically the protocol consists on the co-amplification of two specific fragments, one from Y-chromosome and one for the X chromosome, making the use of a PCR control unnecessary. It has been demonstrated to be useful for sex identification in a total of 164 samples belonging to six different wild ruminant species. We propose adding to the census procedure commonly based in faecal groups counting, the faecal sampling and application of the protocol design here, to estimate the sex ratio.

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The potential for a released autosomal X-shredder becoming a driving-Y chromosome and invasively suppressing wild populations of malaria mosquitoes

10.1101/860551 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yehonatan Alcalay ◽

Silke Fuchs ◽

Roberto Galizi ◽

Federica Bernardini ◽

Roya Elaine Haghighat-Khah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Unexpected Event ◽

Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation ◽

Ratio Distortion ◽

High Fraction ◽

Malaria Mosquitoes ◽

Population Suppression

AbstractSynthetic sex-ratio distorters based on X-chromosome shredding are predicted to be more efficient than sterile males for population suppression of malaria mosquitoes using genetic control. X-chromosome shredding operates through the targeted elimination of X-chromosome-bearing gametes during male spermatogenesis, resulting in males that have a high fraction of male offspring. Strains harboring autosomal constructs containing a modified endonuclease I-PpoI have now been developed in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, resulting in strong sex-ratio distortion towards males. Data are being gathered for these strains for submission of regulatory dossiers for contained use and subsequent field release in West Africa. Since autosomal X-shredders are transmitted in a Mendelian fashion and can be selected against their frequency in the population is expected to decline once releases are halted. However, any unintended transfer of the X-shredder to the Y-chromosome could theoretically change these dynamics: This could lead to 100% transmission of the newly Y-linked X-shredder to the predominant male-biased offspring and its insulation from negative selection in females, resulting in its potential spread in the population and ultimately to suppression. Here, we analyze plausible mechanisms whereby an autosomal X-shredder could become linked to the Y-chromosome after release and provide data regarding its potential for activity should it become linked to the Y-chromosome. Our results strongly suggest that Y-chromosome linkage through remobilization of the transposon used for the initial genetic transformation is unlikely, and that, in the unexpected event that the X-shredder becomes linked to the Y-chromosome, expression and activity of the X-shredder would likely be inhibited by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. We conclude that a functioning X-shredding-based Y-drive resulting from a naturally induced transposition or translocation of the transgene onto the Y-chromosome is unlikely.

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Identification of heterosomes in spermatoza of rams with 54,XX/54,XY chimerism

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/1855-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 250-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Kozubska-Sobocinska ◽

B. Rejduch

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Fluorescent Signal ◽

Fish Technique ◽

Y Chromosomes

The aim of the study was to identify heterosomes in the semen of three Romanov rams – carriers of leukocyte chimerism (FISH technique) and to determine the proportions between spermatozoa with X and Y chromosomes. The choice of bovine probes for hybridization with ram heterosomes was dictated by genetic conservatism of bovine and ovine heterosomes. The ratio between spermatozoa with a yellow fluorescent signal containing the X chromosome in the haploid set and spermatozoa with a red-purple signal indicating the presence of the Y chromosome, taking into account spermatozoa with no signal, was 52%:43%:5% in ram No. PL100006077676; 47%:44%:9% in ram No. PL100006078031; and 48%:46%:6% in ram No. PL100006078895. The results obtained lead us to conclude that the 54,XX/54,XY chimerism has no effect on sex ratio in offspring.

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Bovine-Like Coronaviruses Isolated from Four Species of Captive Wild Ruminants Are Homologous to Bovine Coronaviruses, Based on Complete Genomic Sequences

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01586-08 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 82 (24) ◽

pp. 12422-12431 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Konstantin P. Alekseev ◽

Anastasia N. Vlasova ◽

Kwonil Jung ◽

Mustafa Hasoksuz ◽

Xinsheng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Ruminant ◽

Wild Ruminants ◽

Ruminant Species ◽

Genomic Markers ◽

Host Origin ◽

Comparative Genetic Analysis ◽

Sambar Deer ◽

Close Relatedness ◽

Winter Dysentery ◽

Cervus Unicolor

ABSTRACT We sequenced and analyzed the full-length genomes of four coronaviruses (CoVs), each from a distinct wild-ruminant species in Ohio: sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), a waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), and a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The fecal samples from the sambar deer, the waterbuck, and the white-tailed deer were collected during winter dysentery outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea cases in 1993 and 1994 (H. Tsunemitsu, Z. R. el-Kanawati, D. R. Smith, H. H. Reed, and L. J. Saif, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3264-3269, 1995). A fecal sample from a sable antelope was collected in 2003 from an Ohio wild-animal habitat during the same outbreak when a bovine-like CoV from a giraffe (GiCoV) was isolated (M. Hasoksuz, K. Alekseev, A. Vlasova, X. Zhang, D. Spiro, R. Halpin, S. Wang, E. Ghedin, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 81:4981-4990, 2007). For two of the CoVs (sambar deer and waterbuck), complete genomes from both the cell culture-adapted and gnotobiotic-calf-passaged strains were also sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetically, wild-ruminant CoVs belong to group 2a CoVs, with the closest relatedness to recent bovine CoV (BCoV) strains. High nucleotide identities (99.4 to 99.6%) among the wild-ruminant strains and recent BCoV strains (BCoV-LUN and BCoV-ENT, isolated in 1998) further confirm the close relatedness. Comparative genetic analysis of CoVs of captive wild ruminants with BCoV strains suggests that no specific genomic markers are present that allow discrimination between the bovine strains and bovine-like CoVs from captive wild ruminants; furthermore, no specific genetic markers were identified that defined cell cultured or calf-passaged strains or the host origin of strains. The results of this study confirm prior reports of biologic and antigenic similarities between bovine and wild-ruminant CoVs and suggest that cattle may be reservoirs for CoVs that infect captive wild ruminants or vice versa and that these CoVs may represent host range variants of an ancestral CoV.

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Modifier Genes of the Sex Ratio Trait in Drosophila pseudoobscura

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/116.2.275 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 116 (2) ◽

pp. 275-283

Author(s):

Gary Cobbs

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

High Frequency ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Drosophila Pseudoobscura ◽

Sterile Male ◽

Very High Frequency ◽

Very High ◽

Chromosome Nondisjunction

ABSTRACT The msr trait of Drosophila pseudoobscura occurs when "sex-ratio" males produce a very high frequency of null-X sperm which give rise to sterile male (X/O) progeny. The trait involves dramatically lowered fecundity due to spermiogenic failure. The msr trait is multigenic and the genes are located on autosomes II, III and IV of the L116 laboratory stock. This stock also carries genes on the Y chromosome that lower the level of msr. When the genes on the L116 autosomes are present together or with those on the Y chromosome of other stocks, they interact cooperatively to produce very high levels of msr. The msr genes require the presence of a sex-ratio X chromosome to have any effect and thus may be regarded as modifiers of the "sex-ratio" phenotype. Crosses show that the genes causing msr are primarily recessive but have some expression when heterozygous. Sex chromosome nondisjunction is proposed as the mechanism underlying the msr trait.

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PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF "SEX RATIO" AND REDISCOVERY AND REINTERPRETATION OF "MALE SEX RATIO" IN DROSOPHILA AFFINIS

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/71.4.597 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 597-606

Author(s):

Robert A Voelker

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Ratios ◽

Meiotic Drive ◽

General Consideration ◽

Female Progeny ◽

Chromosome Sequence ◽

Male Sex

ABSTRACT In D. affinis "sex ratio" (sr), a form of meiotic drive characterized by the production of mostly or only female progeny by certain males, is associated with two different X chromosome sequences, XS-I XL-II and XS-II XL-IV. The behavior of the two sequences differed, depending on the Y chromosome constitution, being either Y L or 0. Males with sequence XS-II XL-IV and Y L produced progenies with nearly normal sex ratios; males with the same X chromosome sequence but in the absence of a Y chromosome in some cases gave progenies with nearly normal sex ratios but in other cases gave progenies which tended toward phenotypic sr. Males with sequence XS-I XL-II and Y L gave progenies which were characteristically sr (0.97–0.98 females); in the absence of a Y chromosome males with this sequence produced progenies which were virtually all-male. This latter finding is presumably identical to Novitski's (1947) "male sex ratio" (msr). The interpretation offered here attributes msr to an interaction between sr sequence XS-I XL-II and the 0 condition. A general consideration of the available data on sr in D. affinis is presented.

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Evolution of a Y Chromosome from an X Chromosome

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3417937 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roberta Bergero ◽

Jim Gardner ◽

Deborah Charlesworth

Keyword(s):

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome

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Sarcoptic mange in wild ruminants in Spain: solving the epidemiological enigma using microsatellite markers

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-021-04673-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Moroni ◽

Samer Angelone ◽

Jesús M. Pérez ◽

Anna Rita Molinar Min ◽

Mario Pasquetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽

Host Population ◽

Sarcoptic Mange ◽

Wild Ruminant ◽

Capra Pyrenaica ◽

Wild Ruminants ◽

In The Wild ◽

Genetic Clusters ◽

Genetic Strains

Abstract Background In Spain, sarcoptic mange was first described in native wildlife in 1987 in Cazorla Natural Park, causing the death of nearly 95% of the local native population of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Since then, additional outbreaks have been identified in several populations of ibex and other wild ungulate species throughout the country. Although the first epizootic outbreak in wildlife was attributed to the introduction of an infected herd of domestic goats, the origin and the cause of its persistence remain unclear. The main aims of this study are to understand (i) the number of Sarcoptes scabiei “strains” circulating in wild ruminant populations in Spain, and (ii) the molecular epidemiological relationships between S. scabiei and its hosts. Methods Ten Sarcoptes microsatellite markers were used to characterize the genetic structure of 266 mites obtained from skin scrapings of 121 mangy wild ruminants between 2011 and 2019 from 11 areas in Spain. Results Seventy-three different alleles and 37 private alleles were detected. The results of this study show the existence of three genetic strains of S. scabiei in the wild ruminant populations investigated. While two genetic clusters of S. scabiei were host- and geography-related, one cluster included multi-host mites deriving from geographically distant populations. Conclusions The molecular epidemiological study of S. scabiei in wild ruminants in Spain indicates that the spreading and persistence of the parasite may be conditioned by host species community composition and the permissiveness of each host population/community to the circulation of individual “strains,” among other factors. Wildlife–livestock interactions and the role of human-driven introduction or trade of wild and domestic animals should be better investigated to prevent further spread of sarcoptic mange in as yet unaffected natural areas of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Sperm Competition and the Dynamics of X Chromosome Drive: Stability and Extinction

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/160.4.1721 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 160 (4) ◽

pp. 1721-1731 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jesse E Taylor ◽

John Jaenike

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Sperm Competition ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Basin Of Attraction ◽

Male Mating ◽

Male And Female ◽

Mating Rate ◽

Female Mating ◽

Balanced Polymorphism

AbstractSeveral empirical studies of sperm competition in populations polymorphic for a driving X chromosome have revealed that Sex-ratio males (those carrying a driving X) are at a disadvantage relative to Standard males. Because the frequency of the driving X chromosome determines the population-level sex ratio and thus alters male and female mating rates, the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition for sex chromosome meiotic drive are subtle. As the SR allele increases in frequency, the ratio of females to males also increases, causing an increase in the male mating rate and a decrease in the female mating rate. While the former change may exacerbate the disadvantage of Sex-ratio males during sperm competition, the latter change decreases the incidence of sperm competition within the population. We analyze a model of the effects of sperm competition on a driving X chromosome and show that these opposing trends in male and female mating rates can result in two coexisting locally stable equilibria, one corresponding to a balanced polymorphism of the SR and ST alleles and the second to fixation of the ST allele. Stochastic fluctuations of either the population sex ratio or the SR frequency can then drive the population away from the balanced polymorphism and into the basin of attraction for the second equilibrium, resulting in fixation of the SR allele and extinction of the population.

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Recombination between the mouse Y chromosome short arm and an additional Y short arm-derived chromosomal segment attached distal to the X chromosome PAR

Chromosoma ◽

10.1007/s00412-015-0559-0 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 125 (2) ◽

pp. 177-188

Author(s):

Fanny Decarpentrie ◽

Obah A. Ojarikre ◽

Michael J. Mitchell ◽

Paul S. Burgoyne

Keyword(s):

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Chromosomal Segment

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Roles of Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) and its duplicates in sex determination and germ cell proliferation of Nile tilapia

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/iyab237 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xingyong Liu ◽

Shengfei Dai ◽

Jiahong Wu ◽

Xueyan Wei ◽

Xin Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Sex Determination ◽

Germ Cell ◽

Y Chromosome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Critical Period ◽

Sex Reversal ◽

Homozygous Mutation ◽

Germ Cell Proliferation

Abstract Duplicates of amh are crucial for fish sex determination and differentiation. In Nile tilapia, unlike in other teleosts, amh is located on X chromosome. The Y chromosome amh (amh△-y) is mutated with 5 bp insertion and 233 bp deletion in the coding sequence, and tandem duplicate of amh on Y chromosome (amhy) has been identified as the sex determiner. However, the expression of amh, amh△-y and amhy, their roles in germ cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism of how amhy determines sex is still unclear. In this study, expression and functions of each duplicate were analyzed. Sex reversal occurred only when amhy was mutated as revealed by single, double and triple mutation of the three duplicates in XY fish. Homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish also resulted in sex reversal. Earlier and higher expression of amhy/Amhy was observed in XY gonads compared with amh/Amh during sex determination. Amhy could inhibit the transcription of cyp19a1a through Amhr2/Smads signaling. Loss of cyp19a1a rescued the sex reversal phenotype in XY fish with amhy mutation. Interestingly, mutation of both amh and amhy in XY fish or homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish resulted in infertile females with significantly increased germ cell proliferation. Taken together, these results indicated that up-regulation of amhy during the critical period of sex determination makes it the sex-determining gene, and it functions through repressing cyp19a1a expression via Amhr2/Smads signaling pathway. Amh retained its function in controlling germ cell proliferation as reported in other teleosts, while amh△-y was nonfunctionalized.

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