Interactive comment on "Performance of post-processing algorithms for rainfall intensity measurements of tipping-bucket rain gauges" by M. Stagnaro et al. (Reply to Referee 1).

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Stagnaro
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Processing Algorithms

scholarly journals Performance of post-processing algorithms for rainfall intensity measurements of tipping-bucket rain gauges

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Stagnaro ◽  
Matteo Colli ◽  
Luca Giovanni Lanza ◽  
Pak Wai Chan
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Processing Algorithms ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract. A number of rain events recorded from May to September 2013 at the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) have been selected to investigate the performance of post-processing algorithms used to calculate the Rainfall Intensity (RI) from Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauges (TBRGs). We assumed a drop counter catching-type gauge as a working reference and compared rainfall intensity measurements with two calibrated TBRGs operated at a time resolution of 1 min. The two TBRGs differ in their internal mechanics, one being a traditional single-layer dual-bucket assembly, while the other has two layers of buckets. The drop counter gauge operates at a time resolution of 10 s, while the time of tipping is recorded for the two TBRGs. The post-processing algorithms employed for the two TBRGs are based on the assumption that the tip volume is uniformly distributed over the inter-tip period. A series of data of an ideal TBRG is reconstructed using the virtual time of tipping derived from the drop counter data. From the comparison between the ideal gauge and the measurements from the two real TBRGs the performance of different post-processing and correction algorithms are statistically evaluated over the set of recorded rain events. The improvement obtained by adopting the inter-tip time algorithm in the calculation of the RI is confirmed. However, by comparing the performance of the real and ideal TBRGs, the beneficial effect of the inter-tip algorithm is shown to be relevant for the mid-low range of rainfall intensity values (where the sampling errors prevail), while its role vanishes with increasing the RI, in the range where the mechanical errors prevail.

scholarly journals Performance of post-processing algorithms for rainfall intensity using measurements from tipping-bucket rain gauges

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 5699-5706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Stagnaro ◽  
Matteo Colli ◽  
Luca Giovanni Lanza ◽  
Pak Wai Chan
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Virtual Time ◽  
Processing Algorithms ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract. Eight rainfall events recorded from May to September 2013 at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) have been selected to investigate the performance of post-processing algorithms used to calculate the rainfall intensity (RI) from tipping-bucket rain gauges (TBRGs). We assumed a drop-counter catching-type gauge as a working reference and compared rainfall intensity measurements with two calibrated TBRGs operated at a time resolution of 1 min. The two TBRGs differ in their internal mechanics, one being a traditional single-layer dual-bucket assembly, while the other has two layers of buckets. The drop-counter gauge operates at a time resolution of 10 s, while the time of tipping is recorded for the two TBRGs. The post-processing algorithms employed for the two TBRGs are based on the assumption that the tip volume is uniformly distributed over the inter-tip period. A series of data of an ideal TBRG is reconstructed using the virtual time of tipping derived from the drop-counter data. From the comparison between the ideal gauge and the measurements from the two real TBRGs, the performances of different post-processing and correction algorithms are statistically evaluated over the set of recorded rain events. The improvement obtained by adopting the inter-tip time algorithm in the calculation of the RI is confirmed. However, by comparing the performance of the real and ideal TBRGs, the beneficial effect of the inter-tip algorithm is shown to be relevant for the mid–low range (6–50 mmh−1) of rainfall intensity values (where the sampling errors prevail), while its role vanishes with increasing RI in the range where the mechanical errors prevail.

scholarly journals Certified accuracy of rainfall data as a standard requirement in scientific investigations

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Lanza ◽  
L. Stagi
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Accuracy Requirement ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Instrument Intercomparison ◽  
Rain Data

Abstract. This paper elaborates on the rationale behind the proposed standard limits for the accuracy of rainfall intensity measurements obtained from tipping-bucket and other types of rain gauges. Indeed, based on experimental results obtained in the course of international instrument Intercomparison initiatives and specific laboratory tests, it is shown here that the accuracy of operational rain gauges can be reduced to the limits of ±1% after proper calibration and correction. This figure is proposed as a standard accuracy requirement for the use of rain data in scientific investigations. This limit is also proposed as the reference accuracy for operational rain gauge networks in order to comply with quality assurance systems in meteorological observations.

scholarly journals On the Use of Dynamic Calibration to Correct Drop Counter Rain Gauge Measurements

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6321
Author(s):  
Mattia Stagnaro ◽  
Arianna Cauteruccio ◽  
Luca G. Lanza ◽  
Pak-Wai Chan
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Dynamic Calibration ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Dynamic calibration was performed in the laboratory on two catching-type drop counter rain gauges manufactured as high-sensitivity and fast response instruments by Ogawa Seiki Co. Ltd. (Japan) and the Chilbolton Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). Adjustment procedures were developed to meet the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for rainfall intensity measurements at the one-minute time resolution. A dynamic calibration curve was derived for each instrument to provide the drop volume variation as a function of the measured drop releasing frequency. The trueness of measurements was improved using a post-processing adjustment algorithm and made compatible with the WMO recommended maximum admissible error. The impact of dynamic calibration on the rainfall amount measured in the field at the annual and the event scale was calculated for instruments operating at two experimental sites. The rainfall climatology at the site is found to be crucial in determining the magnitude of the measurement bias, with a predominant overestimation at the low to intermediate rainfall intensity range.

scholarly journals Analysis of highly accurate rain intensity measurements from a field test site

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Lanza ◽  
E. Vuerich ◽  
I. Gnecco
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Instrument Intercomparison

Abstract. In the course of the recent WMO international instrument intercomparison in the field and the associated specific laboratory tests, highly accurate rainfall intensity measurements have been collected and made available for scientific investigation. The resulting high quality data set (contemporary one-minute rainfall intensity data from 26 gauges based on various measuring principles) constitutes an important resource to provide insights into the expected behaviour of rain intensity gauges in operational conditions and further useful information for National Meteorological Services and other users. A few aspects of the analysis of one-minute resolution rain intensity measurements are discussed in this paper, focusing on the observed deviations from a calculated reference intensity based on four pit gauges. Results from both catching and non-catching type gauges are discussed in relation with suitable tolerance limits obtained as a combination of the estimated uncertainty of the reference intensity and the WMO accuracy limits for rainfall intensity measurements. It is shown that suitably post-processed weighing gauges and tipping-bucket rain gauges had acceptable performance, while none of the non-catching rain gauges agreed well with the reference.

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