Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest

Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change.

The Effects of Rain Intensity and Water Elevation with Energy Productivity of Kracak Hydro Power Plant, Bogor Regency – West Java

This paper was aimed to know the effects of rain intensity and water elevation with energy productivity of Kracak Hydro Power Plant, Bogor Regency – West Java. The method used multiple regression analysis with a quantitative approach to describe the effects of rain intensity and water elevation with energy productivity of Kracak Hydro Power Plant. Based on the data, the highest rain intensity was in February of 13,35 mm with water elevation of 346,09 cm and produced electrical energy of 198.296 kWh. The lowest rain intensity was in July of 0,86 mm with water elevation of 194,02 cm and produced electrical energy of 49.772 kWh. The average rain intensity was 8,9 mm with water elevation of 324,12 cm and produced electrical energy of 156.010 kWh. The results of testing the effect of rain intensity with energy productivity at the Kracak hydropower plant resulted in a significance value of 0.002 (p <0.05) and a t value of 4.306. This value indicates that the significance value is below 0.05 and has a positive coefficient direction. It means that rain intensity has a significant positive effect with energy productivity at the Kracak hydropower plant. And the results of testing the effect of water elevation with energy productivity at the Kracak hydropower plant resulted in a significance value of 0.003 (p <0.05) and a t value of 3.864. This value indicates that the significance value is below 0.05 and has a positive coefficient direction. It means that water elevation has a significant positive effect with energy productivity at the Kracak hydropower plant. The conclusion on this research is the rain intensity and water elevation have effects with energy productivity of Kracak Hydro Power Plant.

Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Kaempferia galanga rhizome collected from different regions of East Java, Indonesia

Kaempferia galanga, also known as kencur in Indonesia, is a medical plant that is traditionally used in various human diseases therapy. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) is an essential bioactive compound in kencur that plays a role in the management of diseases. Kencur is widely spread in East Java. Thus this study aims to identify and analyze the bioactive compounds in kencur rhizome from a different region in East Java. This study was conducted from June 2020 until November 2020. The samples were collected from 12 regencies in East Java, including Banyuwangi, Blitar, Gresik, Kediri, Lumajang, Madura, Malang, Mojokerto, Nganjuk, Pacitan, Ponorogo, and Trenggalek. A sample from Wonogiri (Central Java) was used as a comparison because its cultivation procedure has been standardized. The altitude of sample accessions location was 15-995 masl (m above sea levels) with the rain intensity of 500-2000 mm3. Based on soil analysis, Banyuwangi had good soil characteristics with high total nitrogen, available P2O5, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic carbon. The bioactive compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that all the samples contain three major compounds: EPMC, pentadecane, and (Z)-ethyl cinnamate. The highest content of EPMC was obtained in Wonogiri (79.8%), followed by Malang (78.28%), Blitar (77.23%), and Trenggalek (73.33%). It can be concluded that the kencur samples from Malang, Blitar, and Trenggalek have a high content of EPMC, thus could become the source of kencur used in further medicinal research.

Evaluation of road drainage capacity to improve optimized road performance in Kebon Pala Area East Jakarta

Road drainage function as important part that can control a large rainfall that caused puddles that often disturb the comfort of all community activities on the road. Condition of the drainage channel on the road Kebon Pala area, East Jakarta are not qualified due to mistake planning and lack of maintenance. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the capacity of drainage channel on Road Perindustrian. The purpose of this study is to find the maximum amount of water flow that can be accommodated by drainage channels. Rain intensity was calculated using the Mononobe method, as well as the flow rate is calculated using the Rational method. The existing capacity of drainage dimensions are measured directly in the the field using Manning method for calculating flow velocity. The results obtain Q2yrs = 1.27mm/s, Q5yrs = 1.67mm/s, Q10yrs = 1.84mm/s, while Q channel 0.24mm/s. Thus, it can be concluded that capacity of road drainage channel is lower than Q rain that can not accommodate the existing rain flow.

Cloud Physical and Climatological Factors for the Determination of Rain Intensity

The focus of this research is to develop a general method for estimation of rain intensity for application in various geographical regions. In a world with a changing climate, a high importance is attributed to the potential threats caused by increased temperature and rainfall intensity levels. The rainfall intensity climate is here interpreted by a combination of cloud physical factors affecting rain intensity and further developed by the use of climate data and rain intensity statistics. A formula was developed that estimates extreme rainfall and the frequency of these extremes with durations in the intervals of 5 min to 24 h. The obtained estimates are compared in this article with results from statistical methods for the extreme value analysis of measurements. The comparison shows about 90% of the explained variance. The coefficients in the formula are connected with climatological predictors based on the climatological norms of temperature and rainfall. Rain intensity maps over Sweden were produced using the developed formula. Examples of the function of the formula are also given for six European countries. The application of the formula in connection with the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is presented, where the return period of extreme rainfall is a key factor. The formula is tested with an assumed increased warming of the atmosphere of 1 to 5 °C, and the result indicates an increase of 5.9% of the rainfall amount per each warming degree in intense rainfall.

Intensity variation of gamma radiation on ground level interface in São Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil

In the period June 22 to September 24, 2012 São José dos Campos region experienced dry climate with low relative humidity. The net rain intensity measured in this period was 60 mm/h and the relative humidity range between 30% to 40% on most days. The intensity of gamma radiation from 0.03 to 10.0 MeV, in the measurement period presents a daily fluctuation well clearly, and some small increases when there is rainfall. These measures were realized at ITA's campus with a scintillator of NaI(Tl), photomultiplier and associated electronics laptop to a Dell 630 PC. A data acquisition interface purchased from (Aware Eletronics, USA) provides a file with measurements versus time, in the range from minute to minute recorded in txt. It was observed that the variation of gamma radiation in the interface soil/air at the region is originating from the local radon gas dynamics and of the presence of wind shear near the ground level. No período de 22 de junho a 24 de setembro de 2012, a região de São José dos Campos experimentou um clima seco com baixa umidade relativa. A intensidade líquida de chuva medida neste período foi de 60 mm/h e a umidade relativa varia entre 30% a 40% na maioria dos dias. A intensidade de radiação gama de 0,03 a 10,0 MeV, no período de medição apresenta uma flutuação diária bem clara, e alguns pequenos aumentos quando há chuva. Estas medidas foram realizadas no campus da ITA com um cintilador de NaI(Tl), fotomultiplicador e laptop eletrônico associado a um PC Dell 630. Uma interface de aquisição de dados adquirida da (Aware Eletronics, EUA) fornece um arquivo com medidas versus tempo, na faixa de minutos a minutos gravados em txt. Foi observado que a variação da radiação gama na interface solo/ar na região é originada pela dinâmica local do gás radônio e da presença de cisalhamento do vento próximo ao nível do solo.

The relationship between natural rain intensity and Ascochyta blight in chickpea development.

Ascochyta blight is one of the most devastating diseases of chickpea worldwide. In Australia, Ascochyta blight management strategy in a standing crop is solely based on applying protective fungicides before a forecast rainfall event. Despite this, studies on the likely interaction between variable natural rain amount, rain duration, environmental factors and Ascochyta blight development are rare. We used generalised linear mixed models to investigate the relationship between rain intensity, wind speed and Ascochyta blight development. Briefly, 7 g of infested chickpea residue were placed at the soil surface in a 1 m2 plot, and three pots (3 trap plants per pot) of a susceptible chickpea cultivar were randomly placed on each side of the 1 m2 plot (total 12 pots), preceding a forecast rainfall event. Trap plants were transferred to a controlled temperature room (20°C) for 48 h (100% humidity) after rain events. After a 48 h incubation period, trap plants were transferred to a glasshouse (20°C) to allow lesion development. The number of lesions on all plant parts were counted after two weeks. Lesions developed in rain amounts as low as 1.4 mm and rain durations as short as 0.7 h. The number of lesions significantly increased with increasing rain amount. There was positive effect of increasing rain duration and a negative effect of increasing wind speed. This study suggests that small rain amounts, shorter duration rains or a limited amount of primary inoculum are not barriers to conidial dispersal or infection.