scholarly journals The dynamic chamber method: trace gas exchange fluxes (NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>) between plants and the atmosphere in the laboratory and in the field

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Breuninger ◽  
R. Oswald ◽  
J. Kesselmeier ◽  
F. X. Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Chamber System ◽  
Deposition Velocities ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Exchange Flux

Abstract. We describe a dynamic chamber system to determine reactive trace gas exchange fluxes between plants and the atmosphere under laboratory and, with small modifications, also under field conditions. The system allows measurements of the flux density of the reactive NO-NO2-O3 triad and additionally of the non-reactive trace gases CO2 and H2O. The chambers are made of transparent and chemically inert wall material and do not disturb plant physiology. For NO2 detection we used a highly NO2 specific blue light converter coupled to chemiluminescence detection of the photolysis product, NO. Exchange flux densities derived from dynamic chamber measurements are based on very small concentration differences of NO2 (NO, O3) between inlet and outlet of the chamber. High accuracy and precision measurements are therefore required, and high instrument sensitivity (limit of detection) and the statistical significance of concentration differences are important for the determination of corresponding exchange flux densities, compensation point concentrations, and deposition velocities. The determination of NO2 concentrations at sub-ppb levels (<1 ppb) requires a highly sensitive NO/NO2 analyzer with a lower detection limit (3σ-definition) of 0.3 ppb or better. Deposition velocities and compensation point concentrations were determined by bi-variate weighted linear least-squares fitting regression analysis of the trace gas concentrations, measured at the inlet and outlet of the chamber. Performances of the dynamic chamber system and data analysis are demonstrated by studies of Picea abies L. (Norway Spruce) under field and laboratory conditions. Our laboratory data show that the quality selection criterion based on the use of only significant NO2 concentration differences has a considerable impact on the resulting compensation point concentrations yielding values closer to zero. The results of field experiments demonstrate the need to consider photo-chemical reactions of NO, NO2, and O3 inside the chamber for the correct determination of the exchange flux densities, deposition velocities, as well as compensation point concentrations. Under our field conditions NO2 deposition velocities would have been overestimated up to 80%, if NO2 photolysis has not been considered. We also quantified the photolysis component for some previous NO2 flux measurements. Neglecting photo-chemical reactions may have changed reported NO2 compensation point concentration by 10%. However, the effect on NO2 deposition velocity was much more intense, ranged between 50 and several hundreds percent. Our findings may have consequences for the results from previous studies and ongoing discussion of NO2 compensation point concentrations.

scholarly journals The dynamic chamber method: trace gas exchange fluxes (NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>) between plants and the atmosphere in the laboratory and in the field

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 5183-5274 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Breuninger ◽  
R. Oswald ◽  
J. Kesselmeier ◽  
F. X. Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Deposition Velocity ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Chamber System ◽  
Deposition Velocities ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Exchange Flux

Abstract. We describe a dynamic chamber system to determine reactive trace gas exchange fluxes between plants and the atmosphere under laboratory and, with small modifications, also under field conditions. The system allows measurements of the flux density of the reactive NO-NO2-O3 triad and additionally of the non-reactive trace gases CO2 and H2O. The chambers are made of transparent and chemically inert wall material and do not disturb plant physiology. For NO2 detection we used a highly NO2 specific blue light converter coupled to chemiluminescence detection on the photolysis product, NO. Exchange flux densities derived from dynamic chamber measurements are based on very small concentration differences of NO2 (NO, O3) between inlet and outlet of the chamber. High accuracy and precision measurements are therefore required, and high instrument sensitivity (limit of detection) and the statistical significance of concentration differences are important for the determination of corresponding exchange flux densities, compensation point concentrations, and deposition velocities. The determination of NO2 concentrations at sub-ppb levels (<1 ppb) requires a highly sensitive NO/NO2 analyzer with a lower detection limit (3σ-definition) of 0.3 ppb or better. Deposition velocities and compensation point concentrations were determined by bi-variate weighted linear least-squares fitting regression analysis of the trace gas concentrations, measured at the inlet and outlet of the chamber. Performances of the dynamic chamber system and data analysis are demonstrated by studies of Picea abies L. (Norway Spruce) under field and laboratory conditions. Our laboratory data clearly show that highly significant compensation point concentrations can only be detected if the NO2 concentration differences were statistically significant and the data were rigorously controlled for this criterion. The results of field experiments demonstrate the need to consider photo-chemical reactions of NO, NO2, and O3 inside the chamber for the correct determination of the exchange flux densities, deposition velocities, as well as compensation point concentrations. For spruce NO2 deposition velocity ranged between 0.07 and 0.42 mm s−1 (per leaf area) and NO2 compensation point concentration ranged between 0.17 and 0.65 ppb. Under our field conditions NO2 deposition velocities would have been overestimated up to 80 %, if NO2 photolysis has not been considered. We also quantified the photolysis component for some previous NO2 flux measurements. Neglecting photo-chemical reactions may have changed reported NO2 compensation point concentration by 10 %. However, the effect on NO2 deposition velocity was much more intense, ranged between 50 and several hundreds percent. Our findings may have consequences for the results from previous studies and ongoing discussion of NO2 compensation point concentrations.

scholarly journals Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) exchange between plants and the atmosphere

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 773-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Breuninger ◽  
F. X. Meixner ◽  
J. Kesselmeier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Deposition Velocities ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Reactive Trace Gases ◽  
Exchange Flux

Abstract. The nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exchange between the atmosphere and needles of Picea abies L. (Norway Spruce) was studied under uncontrolled field conditions using a dynamic chamber system. This system allows measurements of the flux density of the reactive NO-NO2-O3 triad and additionally of the non-reactive trace gases CO2 and H2O. For the NO2 detection a highly NO2 specific blue light converter was used, which was coupled to chemiluminescence detection of the photolysis product NO. This NO2 converter excludes known interferences with other nitrogen compounds, which occur by using more unspecific NO2 converters. Photo-chemical reactions of NO, NO2, and O3 inside the dynamic chamber were considered for the determination of NO2 flux densities, NO2 deposition velocities, as well as NO2 compensation point concentrations. The calculations are based on a bi-variate weighted linear regression analysis (y- and x-errors considered). The NO2 deposition velocities for spruce, based on projected needle area, ranged between 0.07 and 0.42 mm s−1. The calculated NO2 compensation point concentrations ranged from 2.4 ± 9.63 to 29.0 ± 16.30 nmol m−3 (0.05–0.65 ppb) but the compensation point concentrations were all not significant in terms of compensation point concentration is unequal to zero. These data challenge the existence of a NO2 compensation point concentration for spruce. Our study resulted in lower values of NO2 gas exchange flux densities, NO2 deposition velocities and NO2 compensation point concentrations in comparison to most previous studies. It is essential to use a more specific NO2 analyzer than used in previous studies and to consider photo-chemical reactions between NO, NO2, and O3 inside the chamber.

scholarly journals Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) exchange between plants and the atmosphere

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 18163-18206
Author(s):  
C. Breuninger ◽  
F. X. Meixner ◽  
J. Kesselmeier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Deposition Velocities ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Reactive Trace Gases ◽  
Exchange Flux

Abstract. The nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exchange between the atmosphere and needles of Picea abies L. (Norway Spruce) was studied under uncontrolled field conditions using a dynamic chamber system. This system allows measurements of the flux density of the reactive NO-NO2-O3 triad and additionally of the non-reactive trace gases CO2 and H2O. For the NO2 detection a highly NO2 specific blue light converter was used, which was coupled to chemiluminescence detection of the photolysis product NO. This NO2 converter excludes known interferences with other nitrogen compounds, which occur by using more unspecific NO2 converters. Photo-chemical reactions of NO, NO2, and O3 inside the dynamic chamber were considered for the determination of NO2 flux densities, NO2 deposition velocities, as well as NO2 compensation point concentrations. The calculations based on a bi-variate weighted linear regression analysis (y- and x-errors considered). The NO2 deposition velocities for spruce, based on projected needle area, ranged between 0.07 and 0.42 mm s−1. The calculated NO2 compensation point concentrations ranged from 7.4 ± 6.40 to 29.0 ± 16.30 nmol m−3 (0.17–0.65 ppb) but the compensation point concentrations were all not significant in terms of compensation point concentration is unequal zero. These data challenge the existence of a NO2 compensation point concentration for spruce. Our study resulted in lower values of NO2 gas exchange flux densities, NO2 deposition velocities and NO2 compensation point concentrations in comparison to most previous studies. It is essential to use a more specific NO2 analyzer and to consider photo-chemical reactions between NO, NO2, and O3 inside the chamber.

Design and testing of twig chambers for ozone fumigation and gas exchange measurements in mature trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm M. Havranek ◽  
Gerhard Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Chamber System ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Diurnal Courses ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Design And Testing

SynopsisA twig chamber system was developed for the exposure of mature trees to ozone (O3) under field conditions. The fumigation system allowed the exact control of O3 concentrations in the chambers, the measurement of O3 uptake as well as gas exchange measurements under ambient and controlled conditions during and after O3 fumigation. Because of differences in individual twigs the system should provide the exposure of replicates to different O3 treatments. Tests showed that temperature, humidity and O3 concentrations inside the chambers were comparable with diurnal courses observed in the field. Comparative gas exchange measurements indicated that there were no differences in net photosynthesis and conductance of twigs outside the chambers and twigs which remained within the chambers for 23 weeks receiving ambient air.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Leaf-scale gas exchange of atmospheric reactive trace species (NO<sub>2</sub>, NO, O<sub>3</sub>) at a northern hardwood forest in Michigan

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 11287-11304
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Laurens Ganzeveld ◽  
Samuel Rossabi ◽  
Jacques Hueber ◽  
Detlev Helmig
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Canopy Exchange ◽  
Leaf Level

Abstract. During the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) campaign from 21 July to 3 August 2016, field experiments on leaf-level trace gas exchange of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were conducted for the first time on the native American tree species Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Acer rubrum (red maple), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), and Quercus rubra (red oak) in a temperate hardwood forest in Michigan, USA. We measured the leaf-level trace gas exchange rates and investigated the existence of an NO2 compensation point, hypothesized based on a comparison of a previously observed average diurnal cycle of NOx (NO2+NO) concentrations with that simulated using a multi-layer canopy exchange model. Known amounts of trace gases were introduced into a tree branch enclosure and a paired blank reference enclosure. The trace gas concentrations before and after the enclosures were measured, as well as the enclosed leaf area (single-sided) and gas flow rate to obtain the trace gas fluxes with respect to leaf surface. There was no detectable NO uptake for all tree types. The foliar NO2 and O3 uptake largely followed a diurnal cycle, correlating with that of the leaf stomatal conductance. NO2 and O3 fluxes were driven by their concentration gradient from ambient to leaf internal space. The NO2 loss rate at the leaf surface, equivalently the foliar NO2 deposition velocity toward the leaf surface, ranged from 0 to 3.6 mm s−1 for bigtooth aspen and from 0 to 0.76 mm s−1 for red oak, both of which are ∼90 % of the expected values based on the stomatal conductance of water. The deposition velocities for red maple and white pine ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 and from 0.01 to 1.1 mm s−1, respectively, and were lower than predicted from the stomatal conductance, implying a mesophyll resistance to the uptake. Additionally, for white pine, the extrapolated velocity at zero stomatal conductance was 0.4±0.08 mm s−1, indicating a non-stomatal uptake pathway. The NO2 compensation point was ≤60 ppt for all four tree species and indistinguishable from zero at the 95 % confidence level. This agrees with recent reports for several European and California tree species but contradicts some earlier experimental results where the compensation points were found to be on the order of 1 ppb or higher. Given that the sampled tree types represent 80 %–90 % of the total leaf area at this site, these results negate the previously hypothesized important role of a leaf-scale NO2 compensation point. Consequently, to reconcile these findings, further detailed comparisons between the observed and simulated in- and above-canopy NOx concentrations and the leaf- and canopy-scale NOx fluxes, using the multi-layer canopy exchange model with consideration of the leaf-scale NOx deposition velocities as well as stomatal conductances reported here, are recommended.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Leaf-scale gas exchange of atmospheric reactive trace species (NO<sub>2</sub>, NO, O<sub>3</sub>) at a northern hardwood forest in Michigan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Laurens Ganzeveld ◽  
Samuel Rossabi ◽  
Jacques Hueber ◽  
Detlev Helmig
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Deposition Velocity ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Canopy Exchange

Abstract. During the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) campaign from July 21 to August 3, 2016, field experiments of leaf-level trace gas exchange of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were conducted for the first time on the native American tree species Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Acer rubrum (red maple), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), and Quercus rubra (red oak) in a temperate hardwood forest in Michigan, USA. We measured the leaf-level trace gas exchange rates and investigated the existence of an NO2 compensation point of 1 ppb, hypothesized based on a comparison of a previously observed average diurnal cycle of NOx (NO2 + NO) concentrations with that simulated using a multi-layer canopy exchange model. Known amounts of trace gases were introduced into a tree branch enclosure and a paired blank reference enclosure. The trace gas concentrations before and after the enclosures were measured, as well as the enclosed leaf area (single-sided) and gas flow rate to obtain the trace gas fluxes with respect to leaf surface. There was no detectable NO uptake for all tree types. The foliar NO2 and O3 uptake largely followed a diurnal cycle, correlating with that of the leaf stomatal conductance. NO2 and O3 fluxes were driven by their concentration gradient from ambient to leaf internal space. The NO2 loss rate at leaf surface, equivalently, the foliar NO2 deposition velocity toward the leaf surface, ranged from 0–3.6 mm s−1 for bigtooth aspen, and 0–0.76 mm s−1 for red oak, both of which are ~ 90 % of the expected values based on the stomatal conductance of water. The deposition velocity for red maple and white pine ranged from 0.3–1.6 mm s−1 and from 0.01–1.1 mm s−1, respectively, and were lower than predicted from the stomatal conductance, implying a mesophyll resistance to the uptake. Additionally, for white pine, the extrapolated velocity at zero stomatal conductance was 0.4 ± 0.08 mm s−1, indicating a non-stomatal uptake pathway. The NO2 compensation point was ≤ 60 ppt for all four tree species and indistinguishable from zero at the 95 % confidence level. This agrees with recent reports for several European and California tree species but contradicts some earlier experimental results where the compensation points were found to be on the order of 1 ppb or higher. Given that the sampled tree types represent 80–90 % of the total leaf area at this site, these results negate the previously hypothesized important role of a leaf-scale NO2 compensation point. Consequently, to reconcile these findings, further detailed comparisons between the observed and the simulated in- and above-canopy NOx concentrations, and the leaf- and canopy-scale NOx fluxes, using the multi-layer canopy exchange model with consideration of the leaf-scale NOx deposition velocities as well as stomatal conductances reported here, are recommended.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document