Water column distribution and carbon isotopic signal of cholesterol, brassicasterol and particulate organic carbon in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

Abstract. The combination of concentrations and δ13C signatures of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and sterols provides a powerful approach to study ecological and environmental changes in both the modern and ancient ocean. We applied this tool to study the biogeochemical changes in the modern ocean water column during the BONUS-GoodHope survey (February–March 2008) from Cape Basin to the northern part of the Weddell Gyre. Cholesterol and brassicasterol were chosen as ideal biomarkers of the heterotrophic and autotrophic carbon pools, respectively, because of their ubiquitous and relatively refractory nature. We document depth distributions of concentrations (relative to bulk POC) and δ13C signatures of cholesterol and brassicasterol combined with CO2 aq. surface concentration variation. While the relationship between CO2 aq. and δ13C of bulk POC and biomarkers have been reported by others for the surface water, our data show that this persists in mesopelagic and deep waters, suggesting that δ13C signatures of certain biomarkers in the water column could be applied as proxies for surface water CO2 aq. We observed a general increase in sterol δ13C signatures with depth, which is likely related to a combination of particle size effects, selective feeding on larger cells by zooplankton, and growth rate related effects. Our data suggest a key role of zooplankton fecal aggregates in carbon export for this part of the Southern Ocean (SO). Additionally, in the southern part of the transect south of the Polar Front (PF), the release of sea-ice algae during the ice demise in the Seasonal Ice Zone (SIZ) is hypothesized to influence the isotopic signature of sterols in the open ocean. Overall, the combined use of δ13C values and concentrations measurements of both bulk organic C and specific sterols throughout the water column offers the promising potential to explore the recent history of plankton and the fate of organic matter in the SO.

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Whole water column distribution and carbon isotopic composition of bulk particulate organic carbon, cholesterol and brassicasterol from the Cape Basin to the northern Weddell Gyre in the Southern Ocean

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-9-1667-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1667-1709 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.-J. Cavagna ◽

F. Dehairs ◽

V. Woule-Ebongué ◽

S. Bouillon ◽

F. Planchon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Southern Ocean ◽

Water Column ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽

Organic C ◽

Weddell Gyre ◽

Cape Basin

Abstract. The combination of concentrations and δ13C signatures of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and sterols provides a powerful approach to study ecological and environmental changes both in the modern and ancient ocean, but its application has so far been restricted to the surface area. We applied this tool to study the biogeochemical changes in the modern ocean water column during the BONUS-GoodHope survey (Feb–Mar 2008) from Cape Basin to the northern part of the Weddell Gyre. Cholesterol and brassicasterol were chosen as ideal biomarkers of the heterotrophic and autotrophic carbon pools, respectively, because of their ubiquitous and relatively refractory nature. We document depth distributions of concentrations (relative to bulk POC) and δ13C signatures of cholesterol and brassicasterol from the Cape Basin to the northern Weddell Gyre combined with CO2 aq. surface concentration variation. While relationships between surface water CO2 aq. and δ13C of bulk POC and biomarkers have been previously established for surface waters, our data show that these remain valid in deeper waters, suggesting that δ13C signatures of certain biomarkers could be developed as proxies for surface water CO2 aq. Our data suggest a key role of zooplankton fecal aggregates in carbon export for this part of the Southern Ocean. We observed a general increase in sterol δ13C signatures with depth, which is likely related to a combination of particle size effects, selective feeding on larger cells by zooplankton, and growth rate related effects Additionally, in the southern part of the transect south of the Polar Front (PF), the release of sea-ice algae is hypothesized to influence the isotopic signature of sterols in the open ocean. Overall, combined use of δ13C and concentrations measurements of both bulk organic C and specific sterol markers throughout the water column shows the promising potential of analyzing δ13C signatures of individual marine sterols to explore the recent history of plankton and the fate of organic matter in the SO.

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Water column particulate organic carbon modeled fluxes in the ice-frequented Southern Ocean

Journal of Marine Systems ◽

10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.09.009 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 56 (1-2) ◽

pp. 133-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. Garrity ◽

R.O. Ramseier ◽

R. Peinert ◽

S. Kern ◽

G. Fischer

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Southern Ocean ◽

Water Column ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon

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High particulate organic carbon export during the decline of a vast diatom bloom in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography ◽

10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.12.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 138 ◽

pp. 102-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Montserrat Roca-Martí ◽

Viena Puigcorbé ◽

Morten H. Iversen ◽

Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff ◽

Christine Klaas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Southern Ocean ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon ◽

Diatom Bloom ◽

Carbon Export ◽

Atlantic Sector

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The Carbon:²³⁴Thorium ratios of sinking particles in the California Current Ecosystem 2: Examination of a thorium sorption, desorption, and particle transport model

10.26434/chemrxiv.7803698 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Stukel ◽

Thomas Kelly

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Water Column ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon ◽

Transport Model ◽

California Current ◽

In Situ Measurements ◽

Power Law Distribution ◽

Sinking Particles ◽

Organic Carbon Concentration

Thorium-234 (234Th) is a powerful tracer of particle dynamics and the biological pump in the surface ocean; however, variability in carbon:thorium ratios of sinking particles adds substantial uncertainty to estimates of organic carbon export. We coupled a mechanistic thorium sorption and desorption model to a one-dimensional particle sinking model that uses realistic particle settling velocity spectra. The model generates estimates of 238U-234Th disequilibrium, particulate organic carbon concentration, and the C:234Th ratio of sinking particles, which are then compared to in situ measurements from quasi-Lagrangian studies conducted on six cruises in the California Current Ecosystem. Broad patterns observed in in situ measurements, including decreasing C:234Th ratios with depth and a strong correlation between sinking C:234Th and the ratio of vertically-integrated particulate organic carbon (POC) to vertically-integrated total water column 234Th, were accurately recovered by models assuming either a power law distribution of sinking speeds or a double log normal distribution of sinking speeds. Simulations suggested that the observed decrease in C:234Th with depth may be driven by preferential remineralization of carbon by particle-attached microbes. However, an alternate model structure featuring complete consumption and/or disaggregation of particles by mesozooplankton (e.g. no preferential remineralization of carbon) was also able to simulate decreasing C:234Th with depth (although the decrease was weaker), driven by 234Th adsorption onto slowly sinking particles. Model results also suggest that during bloom decays C:234Th ratios of sinking particles should be higher than expected (based on contemporaneous water column POC), because high settling velocities minimize carbon remineralization during sinking.

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Biogeochemical and ecological features of sinking particulate matter in the deep Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean) during a 10-year time series study: impacts of atmospheric and oceanographic variabilities on carbon production and sequestration

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15201 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Gogou ◽

Constantine Parinos ◽

Spyros Stavrakakis ◽

Emmanouil Proestakis ◽

Maria Kanakidou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Carbon Cycle ◽

Atmospheric Deposition ◽

Water Column ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon ◽

Nutrient Dynamics ◽

Ionian Sea ◽

Ecological Features ◽

The Impact

Biotic and abiotic processes that form, alter, transport, and remineralize particulate organic carbon, silicon, calcium carbonate, and other minor and trace chemical species in the water column are central to the ocean&#8217;s ecological and biogeochemical functioning and of fundamental importance to the ocean carbon cycle. Sinking particulate matter is the major vehicle for exporting carbon from the sea surface to the deep sea. During its transit towards the sea floor, most particulate organic carbon (POC) is returned to inorganic form and redistributed in the water column. This redistribution determines the surface concentration of dissolved CO2, and hence the rate at which the ocean can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. The ability to predict quantitatively the depth profile of remineralization is therefore critical to deciphering the response of the global carbon cycle to natural and human-induced changes.Aiming to investigate the significant biogeochemical and ecological features and provide new insights on the sources and cycles of sinking particulate matter, a mooring line of five sediment traps was deployed from 2006 to 2015 (with some gap periods) at 5 successive water column depths (700, 1200, 2000, 3200 and 4300 m) in the SE Ionian Sea, northeastern Mediterranean (&#8216;NESTOR&#8217; site). We have examined the long-term records of downward fluxes for Corg, Ntot, &#948;13Corg and &#948;15Ntot, along with the associated ballast minerals (opal, lithogenics and CaCO3), lipid biomarkers, Chl-a and PP rates, phytoplankton composition, nutrient dynamics and atmospheric deposition. &#160;The satellite-derived seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton metrics (biomass and phenology) and atmospheric deposition (meteorology and air masses origin) was examined for the period of the sediment trap experiment. Regarding the atmospheric deposition, synergistic opportunities using Earth Observation satellite lidar and radiometer systems are proposed (e.g. Cloud&#8208;Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization - CALIOP, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - MODIS), aiming towards a four&#8208;dimensional exploitation of atmospheric aerosol loading (e.g. Dust Optical Depth) in the study area.Our main goals are to: i) develop a comprehensive knowledge of carbon fluxes and associated mineral ballast fluxes from the epipelagic to the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers, ii) elucidate the mechanisms governing marine productivity and carbon export and sequestration to depth and iii) shed light on the impact of atmospheric forcing and deposition in respect to regional and large scale circulation patterns and climate variability and the prevailing oceanographic processes (internal variability).AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledge support of this work by the Action &#8216;National Network on Climate Change and its Impacts &#8211; CLIMPACT&#8217;, funded by the Public Investment Program of Greece (GSRT, Ministry of Development and Investments).

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Uncertainties of particulate organic carbon concentrations in the mesopelagic zone of the Atlantic ocean

Open Research Europe ◽

10.12688/openreseurope.13395.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Paul Strubinger Sandoval ◽

Giorgio Dall'Olmo ◽

Keith Haines ◽

Rafael Rasse ◽

Jelizaveta Ross

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Atlantic Ocean ◽

Water Column ◽

Carbon Cycling ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Mesopelagic Zone ◽

Potential Sources ◽

Oceanic Carbon ◽

Carbon Concentrations

Measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the open ocean provide grounds for estimating oceanic carbon budgets and for modelling carbon cycling. The majority of the published POC measurements have been collected at the sea surface. Thus, POC stocks in the upper layer of the water column are relatively well constrained. However, our understanding of the POC distribution and its dynamics in deeper areas is modest due to insufficient in POC measurements. Moreover, the accuracy of published POC estimates is not always quantified, and neither is it fully understood. In this study, we determined the POC concentrations of samples collected in the upper 500 m during an Atlantic Meridional Transect and described a method for quantifying its experimental uncertainties using duplicate measurements. The analysis revealed that the medians of the total experimental uncertainties associated with our POC concentrations in the productive and mesopelagic zones were 2.5(±1.2) mg/m3 and 2.6(±0.6) mg/m3, respectively. In relative terms, these uncertainties corresponded to ~14% and ~ 35% of POC concentrations, respectively. However, despite our best efforts, we could explain only ~ 21% of the total experimental POC uncertainty. The potential sources of this unexplained portion of uncertainty are discussed.

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