scholarly journals Cost-effective implementation of the Paris Agreement using flexible greenhouse gas metrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Olivier Boucher ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Daniel Johansson ◽  
Johannes Morfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Common Scale ◽  
Global Stocktake

<p>Greenhouse gas (GHG) metrics, that is, conversion factors to evaluate the emissions of non-CO<sub>2</sub> climate forcers on a common scale with CO<sub>2</sub>, serve crucial functions upon the implementation of the Paris Agreement. While different metrics have been proposed, their economic cost-effectiveness has not been investigated under a range of pathways, including those temporarily missing or significantly overshooting the temperature targets of the Paris Agreement. Here we show that cost-effective metrics for methane that minimize the overall cost of climate mitigation are time-dependent, primarily determined by the pathway, and strongly influenced by temperature overshoot. The Paris Agreement will implement the conventional 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100), a good approximation of cost-effective metrics for the coming decades. In the longer term, however, we suggest that parties consider adapting the choice of common metrics to the future pathway as it unfolds, as part of the global stocktake, if cost-effectiveness is a key consideration.</p>

scholarly journals Cost-effective implementation of the Paris Agreement using flexible greenhouse gas metrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (22) ◽  
pp. eabf9020
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Olivier Boucher ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Daniel J. A. Johansson ◽  
Johannes Morfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Common Scale ◽  
Mitigation Costs ◽  
Global Stocktake

Greenhouse gas (GHG) metrics, that is, conversion factors to evaluate the emissions of non-CO2 GHGs on a common scale with CO2, serve crucial functions in the implementation of the Paris Agreement. While different metrics have been proposed, their economic cost-effectiveness has not been investigated under a range of pathways, including those substantially overshooting the temperature targets. Here, we show that cost-effective metrics for methane that minimize the overall mitigation costs are time-dependent, primarily determined by the pathway, and strongly influenced by temperature overshoot. Parties to the Paris Agreement have already adopted the conventional GWP100 (100-year global warming potential), which is shown to be a good approximation of cost-effective metrics for the coming decades. In the longer term, however, we suggest that parties consider adapting the choice of common metrics to the future pathway as it unfolds, as part of the recurring global stocktake, if global cost-effectiveness is a key consideration.

scholarly journals Cost-effective implementation of the Paris Agreement using flexible greenhouse gas metrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Olivier Boucher ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Daniel Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Effective Implementation

scholarly journals Cost-effective implementation of the Paris Agreement using flexible greenhouse gas metrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Olivier Boucher ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Daniel Johansson ◽  
Johannes Morfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Effective Implementation

scholarly journals Cost-effective implementation of the Paris Agreement using flexible greenhouse gas metrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Olivier Boucher ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Daniel Johansson ◽  
Johannes Morfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Effective Implementation

An economic analysis of implementing the SIGN third molar guideline: implications for the design and analysis of implementation studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Tilley ◽  
Emma McIntosh ◽  
Maryam Bahrami ◽  
Jan Clarkson ◽  
Chris Deery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Guideline Implementation ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Implementation Studies ◽  
Dental Practices ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: To compare the cost-effectiveness of four third molar guideline implementation strategies. Methods: Fifty-one dental practices in Scotland were randomized to one of four implementation strategies. The effectiveness of the strategies was measured by general dental practitioners' compliance with the guideline. Results: The effectiveness of the guideline depended crucially upon the type of patient treated. In particular, for a minority of patients (14%) with no clinical signals of their 'type', the implementation strategies generate potentially large gains in evidence-based practice. However, the cost per patient of achieving these gains is large given that the costs are incurred for all patients, but benefits accrue only to a minority. Discussion: The results show that the type of patient presenting for treatment can influence the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and therefore policy conclusions. Consequently, the design and analysis of studies need to be sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle interaction effects. This may explain the dearth of guideline implementation trials with significant findings. The results also suggest that a more cost-effective implementation method in primary care dentistry may be to subsidize treatment conditional upon patient type.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of the Adaptive Implementation of Effective Programs Trial (Adept): Approaches to Adopting Implementation Strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andria B Eisman ◽  
David Hutton ◽  
Lisa Prosser ◽  
Shawna Smith ◽  
Amy Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Life Goals ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Implementation Support ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Effective Programs

Abstract Background Theory-based methods to support clinician uptake of evidence-based practices (EBPs) are critical to improving mental health outcomes. Costs associated with effective implementation strategies can be substantial, and few have been rigorously evaluated. The purpose of this study is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis to identify the most cost-effective approach to deploying implementation strategies to enhance the uptake of Life Goals, a mental health EBP. Methods We used data from a previously conducted randomized trial to compare the cost-effectiveness of different augmentations to Replicating Effective Programs (REP) combined with external and/or internal facilitation to enhance uptake of Life Goals. REP is a low-level strategy that includes EBP packaging, training, and technical assistance. External facilitation (EF) involves external expert support, and internal facilitation (IF) augments EF with protected time for internal staff to support EBP implementation. We developed a decision tree to assess 1-year costs and outcomes for four implementation strategies: 1) REP only, 2) REP + EF 3) REP + EF add IF if necessary, 4) REP + EF/IF. The analyses used a 1-year time horizon and assumes a health payer perspective. Our outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The economic outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). We conducted deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Results Our results indicate that REP + EF add IF is the most cost-effective option with an ICER of $593/QALY. The REP + EF/IF and REP + EF only conditions are dominated. One-way sensitivity analyses indicate that results are sensitive to utilities for REP + EF and REP + EF add IF. The PSA results indicate that REP + EF, add IF is the optimal strategy in 30% of iterations at the threshold of $100,000/QALY. Conclusions Our results suggest that the most cost-effective implementation support begins with a less intensive, less costly strategy initially and increases as needed to enhance EBP uptake. Using this approach, implementation support resources can be judiciously allocated to those clinics that would most benefit. Our results were not robust to changes in the utility measure. Further research is needed that incorporates robust and relevant utilities in implementation research to identify the most cost-effective strategies. This research advances economic evaluation of implementation by assessing costs and utilities across multiple implementation strategy combinations. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02151331, 05/30/2014

Within trial cost-effectiveness of a structured lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes: Results from the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Karen M. Atkinson ◽  
George Bray ◽  
Haiying Chen ◽  
Jeanne M. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Health Utility Index ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Utility ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year

<b>OBJECTIVE </b>To assess the cost-effectiveness (CE) of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) compared to standard diabetes support and education (DSE) in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, as implemented in the Action for Health in Diabetes study. <p><b>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</b> Data were from 4,827 participants during the first 9 years of the study from 2001 to 2012. Information on Health Utility Index-2 and -3, SF-6D, and Feeling Thermometer [FT]), cost of delivering the interventions, and health expenditures were collected during the study. CE was measured by incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Future costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% annually. Costs were in 2012 US dollars. </p> <p><b>RESULTS </b><a>Over the </a>9 years studied, the mean cumulative intervention costs and mean cumulative health care expenditures were $11,275 and $64,453 per person for ILI and $887 and $68,174 for DSE. Thus, ILI cost $6,666 more per person than DSE. Additional QALYs gained by ILI were not statistically significant measured by the HUIs and were 0.17 and 0.16, respectively, measured by SF-6D and FT. The ICERs ranged from no health benefit with a higher cost based on HUIs, to $96,458/QALY and $43,169/QALY, respectively, based on SF-6D and FT. </p> <p><b>Conclusions </b>Whether<b> </b>ILI was cost-effective over the 9-year period is unclear because different health utility measures led to different conclusions. </p>

Growth of housing sector in India - application of Cost-effective Construction Technologies to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilanjan Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
Energy Consuming

Building construction sector can play a major role in reducing Greenhouse Gas emission through application of technologies aimed at reduction of use of building materials. Energy consumed during production of building materials and components plays a crucial role in creating environmental pollution. India is witnessing high growth in urban and rural housing, which needs more production of building materials. Permanent or semi-permanent type buildings which consume easily available conventional materials like brick, reinforced cement concrete etc. can be made Economic and Eco-friendly by lowering use of energy-consuming building materials through Cost-effective Construction Technologies. Buildings with Cost-effective Construction Technology can be designed within the parameters of the existing Indian Standards. Awareness generation among the users, proper technical and architectural guidance and easy availability of skilled manpower are of utmost importance for promotion of cost-effective technologies in India and to make them as the most acceptable case of sustainable building technologies both in terms of cost and environment.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of BCG Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Indonesia: A Model-Based Study

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Afifah Machlaurin ◽  
Franklin Christiaan Karel Dolk ◽  
Didik Setiawan ◽  
Tjipke Sytse van der Werf ◽  
Maarten J. Postma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Cost

Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), has been applied for decades. The Indonesian government recently introduced a national TB disease control programme that includes several action plans, notably enhanced vaccination coverage, which can be strengthened through underpinning its favourable cost-effectiveness. We designed a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of Indonesia’s current BCG vaccination programme. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were evaluated from the perspectives of both society and healthcare. The robustness of the analysis was confirmed through univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Using epidemiological data compiled for Indonesia, BCG vaccination at a price US$14 was estimated to be a cost-effective strategy in controlling TB disease. From societal and healthcare perspectives, ICERs were US$104 and US$112 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), respectively. The results were robust for variations of most variables in the univariate analysis. Notably, the vaccine’s effectiveness regarding disease protection, vaccination costs, and case detection rates were key drivers for cost-effectiveness. The PSA results indicated that vaccination was cost-effective even at US$175 threshold in 95% of cases, approximating the monthly GDP per capita. Our findings suggest that this strategy was highly cost-effective and merits prioritization and extension within the national TB programme. Our results may be relevant for other high endemic low- and middle-income countries.

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