Supplementary material to "Resolving ecological feedbacks on the ocean carbon sink in Earth system models"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Armstrong McKay ◽  
Sarah E. Cornell ◽  
Katherine Richardson ◽  
Johan Rockström
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Earth System ◽  
System Models ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Ecological Feedbacks ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
Earth System Models

scholarly journals Resolving ecological feedbacks on the ocean carbon sink in Earth system models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Armstrong McKay ◽  
Sarah E. Cornell ◽  
Katherine Richardson ◽  
Johan Rockström
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Biological Pump ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
System Models ◽  
Plankton Ecology ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Earth System Models

Abstract. The Earth’s oceans are one of the largest sinks in the Earth system for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, acting as a negative feedback on climate change. Earth system models predict, though, that climate change will lead to a weakening ocean carbon uptake rate as warm water holds less dissolved CO2 and biological productivity declines. However, most Earth system models do not incorporate the impact of warming on bacterial remineralisation and rely on simplified representations of plankton ecology that do not resolve the potential impact of climate change on ecosystem structure or elemental stoichiometry. Here we use a recently-developed extension of the cGEnIE Earth system model (ecoGEnIE) featuring a trait-based scheme for plankton ecology (ECOGEM), and also incorporate cGEnIE's temperature-dependent remineralisation (TDR) scheme. This enables evaluation of the impact of both ecological dynamics and temperature-dependent remineralisation on the soft-tissue biological pump in response to climate change. We find that including TDR strengthens the biological pump relative to default runs due to increased nutrient recycling, while ECOGEM weakens the biological pump by enabling a shift to smaller plankton classes. However, interactions with concurrent ocean acidification cause opposite sign responses for the carbon sink in both cases: TDR leads to a smaller sink relative to default runs whereas ECOGEM leads to a larger sink. Combining TDR and ECOGEM results in a net strengthening of the biological pump and a small net reduction in carbon sink relative to default. These results clearly illustrate the substantial degree to which ecological dynamics and biodiversity modulate the strength of climate-biosphere feedbacks, and demonstrate that Earth system models need to incorporate more ecological complexity in order to resolve carbon sink weakening.

scholarly journals Resolving ecological feedbacks on the ocean carbon sink in Earth system models

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-818
Author(s):  
David I. Armstrong McKay ◽  
Sarah E. Cornell ◽  
Katherine Richardson ◽  
Johan Rockström
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
System Models ◽  
Plankton Ecology ◽  
Poc Export ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Earth System Models

Abstract. The Earth's oceans are one of the largest sinks in the Earth system for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, acting as a negative feedback on climate change. Earth system models project that climate change will lead to a weakening ocean carbon uptake rate as warm water holds less dissolved CO2 and as biological productivity declines. However, most Earth system models do not incorporate the impact of warming on bacterial remineralisation and rely on simplified representations of plankton ecology that do not resolve the potential impact of climate change on ecosystem structure or elemental stoichiometry. Here, we use a recently developed extension of the cGEnIE (carbon-centric Grid Enabled Integrated Earth system model), ecoGEnIE, featuring a trait-based scheme for plankton ecology (ECOGEM), and also incorporate cGEnIE's temperature-dependent remineralisation (TDR) scheme. This enables evaluation of the impact of both ecological dynamics and temperature-dependent remineralisation on particulate organic carbon (POC) export in response to climate change. We find that including TDR increases cumulative POC export relative to default runs due to increased nutrient recycling (+∼1.3 %), whereas ECOGEM decreases cumulative POC export by enabling a shift to smaller plankton classes (-∼0.9 %). However, interactions with carbonate chemistry cause opposite sign responses for the carbon sink in both cases: TDR leads to a smaller sink relative to default runs (-∼1.0 %), whereas ECOGEM leads to a larger sink (+∼0.2 %). Combining TDR and ECOGEM results in a net strengthening of POC export (+∼0.1 %) and a net reduction in carbon sink (-∼0.7 %) relative to default. These results illustrate the degree to which ecological dynamics and biodiversity modulate the strength of the biological pump, and demonstrate that Earth system models need to incorporate ecological complexity in order to resolve non-linear climate–biosphere feedbacks.

scholarly journals Using field observations to inform thermal hydrology models of permafrost dynamics with ATS (v0.83)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3235-3292 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Atchley ◽  
S. L. Painter ◽  
D. R. Harp ◽  
E. T. Coon ◽  
C. J. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Active Layer Thickness ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Model Refinement ◽  
System Models ◽  
Developed Surface ◽  
Earth System Models

Abstract. Climate change is profoundly transforming the carbon-rich Arctic tundra landscape, potentially moving it from a carbon sink to a carbon source by increasing the thickness of soil that thaws on a seasonal basis. However, the modeling capability and precise parameterizations of the physical characteristics needed to estimate projected active layer thickness (ALT) are limited in Earth System Models (ESMs). In particular, discrepancies in spatial scale between field measurements and Earth System Models challenge validation and parameterization of hydrothermal models. A recently developed surface/subsurface model for permafrost thermal hydrology, the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS), is used in combination with field measurements to calibrate and identify fine scale controls of ALT in ice wedge polygon tundra in Barrow, Alaska. An iterative model refinement procedure that cycles between borehole temperature and snow cover measurements and simulations functions to evaluate and parameterize different model processes necessary to simulate freeze/thaw processes and ALT formation. After model refinement and calibration, reasonable matches between simulated and measured soil temperatures are obtained, with the largest errors occurring during early summer above ice wedges (e.g. troughs). The results suggest that properly constructed and calibrated one-dimensional thermal hydrology models have the potential to provide reasonable representation of the subsurface thermal response and can be used to infer model input parameters and process representations. The models for soil thermal conductivity and snow distribution were found to be the most sensitive process representations. However, information on lateral flow and snowpack evolution might be needed to constrain model representations of surface hydrology and snow depth.

Amazon rainforest increases photosynthesis in reponse to atmospheric dryness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia K. Green ◽  
Pierre Gentine ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Joe Berry ◽  
Philippe Ciais
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Earth System ◽  
System Models ◽  
Earth System Models

<p>Earth system models predict that atmospheric dryness reduces photosynthesis due to its reductive effect on stomatal conductance. However, while this representation may be appropriate in many environments, in the wet Amazonian tropical rainforest, this is not the case. Using remote sensing data combined with machine learning techniques (k-means clustering and artificial neural networks), we show that in the wettest parts of the Amazon rainforest, gross primary production and evapotranspiration continue to increase alongside atmospheric dryness, i.e. vapor pressure deficit, despite reductions in ecosystem conductance. On the other hand, Earth system models have the opposite photosynthetic response to vapor pressure deficit in the wettest part of the Amazon, overestimating its reductive effect on tropical vegetation photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, leading to an exaggerated carbon source to the atmosphere. As vapor pressure deficit is expected to increase with climate change, our study highlights the importance of reframing how we understand and represent the response of ecosystem photosynthesis to atmospheric dryness in the wettest ecosystems, to accurately quantify the future land carbon sink and atmospheric CO2 growth rate.</p>

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