scholarly journals EPOCA/EUR-OCEANS data-mining compilation on the impacts of ocean acidification

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Nisumaa ◽  
S. Pesant ◽  
R. G. J. Bellerby ◽  
B. Delille ◽  
J. Middelburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans has led to a rise in the oceanic partial pressure of CO2, and to a decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentration. This modification of the marine carbonate system is referred to as ocean acidification. Numerous papers report the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and communities but few have provided details concerning full carbonate chemistry and complementary observations. Additionally, carbonate system variables are often reported in different units, calculated using different sets of dissociation constants and on different pH scales. Hence the direct comparison of experimental results has been problematic and often misleading. The need was identified to (1) gather data on carbonate chemistry, biological and biogeochemical properties, and other ancillary data from published experimental data, (2) transform the information into common framework, and (3) make data freely available. The present paper is the outcome of an effort to integrate ocean carbonate chemistry data from the literature which has been supported by the European Network of Excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) and the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA). A total of 166 papers were identified, 86 contained enough information to readily compute carbonate chemistry variables, and 67 datasets were archived at PANGAEA – The Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data. This data compilation is regularly updated as an ongoing mission of EPOCA. Data access: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.735138

scholarly journals EPOCA/EUR-OCEANS data compilation on the biological and biogeochemical responses to ocean acidification

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Nisumaa ◽  
S. Pesant ◽  
R. G. J. Bellerby ◽  
B. Delille ◽  
J. J. Middelburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Common Framework

Abstract. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans has led to a rise in the oceanic partial pressure of CO2, and to a decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentration. This modification of the marine carbonate system is referred to as ocean acidification. Numerous papers report the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and communities but few have provided details concerning full carbonate chemistry and complementary observations. Additionally, carbonate system variables are often reported in different units, calculated using different sets of dissociation constants and on different pH scales. Hence the direct comparison of experimental results has been problematic and often misleading. The need was identified to (1) gather data on carbonate chemistry, biological and biogeochemical properties, and other ancillary data from published experimental data, (2) transform the information into common framework, and (3) make data freely available. The present paper is the outcome of an effort to integrate ocean carbonate chemistry data from the literature which has been supported by the European Network of Excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) and the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA). A total of 185 papers were identified, 100 contained enough information to readily compute carbonate chemistry variables, and 81 data sets were archived at PANGAEA – The Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data. This data compilation is regularly updated as an ongoing mission of EPOCA. Data access: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.735138

scholarly journals Current estimates of K<sub>1</sub>* and K<sub>2</sub>* appear inconsistent with measured CO<sub>2</sub> system parameters in cold oceanic regions

Ocean Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Mathilde Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Seawater absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has led to a range of changes in carbonate chemistry, collectively referred to as ocean acidification. Stoichiometric dissociation constants used to convert measured carbonate system variables (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity) into globally comparable parameters are crucial for accurately quantifying these changes. The temperature and salinity coefficients of these constants have generally been experimentally derived under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we use field measurements of carbonate system variables taken from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 and the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas data products to evaluate the temperature dependence of the carbonic acid stoichiometric dissociation constants. By applying a novel iterative procedure to a large dataset of 948 surface-water, quality-controlled samples where four carbonate system variables were independently measured, we show that the set of equations published by Lueker et al. (2000), currently preferred by the ocean acidification community, overestimates the stoichiometric dissociation constants at temperatures below about 8 ∘C. We apply these newly derived temperature coefficients to high-latitude Argo float and cruise data to quantify the effects on surface-water pCO2 and calcite saturation states. These findings highlight the critical implications of uncertainty in stoichiometric dissociation constants for future projections of ocean acidification in polar regions and the need to improve knowledge of what causes the CO2 system inconsistencies in cold waters.

scholarly journals Current estimates of K<sub>1</sub><sup>*</sup> and K<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup> appear inconsistent with measured CO<sub>2</sub> system parameters in cold oceanic regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Mathilde Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Seawater absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has led to a range of changes in carbonate chemistry, collectively referred to as ocean acidification. Stoichiometric dissociation constants used to convert measured carbonate system variables (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity) into globally comparable parameters are crucial for accurately quantifying these changes. The temperature and salinity coefficients of these constants have generally been experimentally derived under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we use field measurements of carbonate system variables taken from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 and the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas databases to evaluate the temperature dependence of the carbonic acid stoichiometric dissociation constants. By applying a novel iterative procedure to a large dataset of 948 surface-water, quality-controlled samples where four carbonate system variables were independently measured, we show that the set of equations published by Lueker et al. (2000), currently preferred by the ocean acidification community, overestimates the stoichiometric dissociation constants at low temperatures, below ~ 8 °C. We apply these newly derived temperature coefficients to high-latitude Argo float and cruise data to quantify the effects on surface-water pCO2 and calcite saturation states. These findings highlight the critical implications of uncertainty in stoichiometric dissociation constants for future projections of ocean acidification in polar regions, and the need to improve knowledge of what causes the CO2 system inconsistencies in cold waters.

scholarly journals Effect of ocean acidification on the benthic foraminifera <i>Ammonia</i> sp. is caused by a decrease in carbonate ion concentration

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 6185-6198 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Keul ◽  
G. Langer ◽  
L. J. de Nooijer ◽  
J. Bijma
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Benthic Foraminifer ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Carbonate Ion ◽  
Ca 50

Abstract. About 30% of the anthropogenically released CO2 is taken up by the oceans; such uptake causes surface ocean pH to decrease and is commonly referred to as ocean acidification (OA). Foraminifera are one of the most abundant groups of marine calcifiers, estimated to precipitate ca. 50 % of biogenic calcium carbonate in the open oceans. We have compiled the state of the art literature on OA effects on foraminifera, because the majority of OA research on this group was published within the last three years. Disparate responses of this important group of marine calcifiers to OA were reported, highlighting the importance of a process-based understanding of OA effects on foraminifera. We cultured the benthic foraminifer Ammonia sp. under a range of carbonate chemistry manipulation treatments to identify the parameter of the carbonate system causing the observed effects. This parameter identification is the first step towards a process-based understanding. We argue that [CO32−] is the parameter affecting foraminiferal size-normalized weights (SNWs) and growth rates. Based on the presented data, we can confirm the strong potential of Ammonia sp. foraminiferal SNW as a [CO32−] proxy.

scholarly journals Implications of observed inconsistencies in carbonate chemistry measurements for ocean acidification studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1781-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. M. Hoppe ◽  
G. Langer ◽  
S. D. Rokitta ◽  
D. A. Wolf-Gladrow ◽  
B. Rost
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Calcite Saturation

Abstract. The growing field of ocean acidification research is concerned with the investigation of organisms' responses to increasing pCO2 values. One important approach in this context is culture work using seawater with adjusted CO2 levels. As aqueous pCO2 is difficult to measure directly in small scale experiments, it is generally calculated from two other measured parameters of the carbonate system (often AT, CT or pH). Unfortunately, the overall uncertainties of measured and subsequently calculated values are often unknown. Especially under high pCO2, this can become a severe problem with respect to the interpretation of physiological and ecological data. In the few datasets from ocean acidification research where all three of these parameters were measured, pCO2 values calculated from AT and CT are typically about 30 % lower (i.e. ~300 μatm at a target pCO2 of 1000 μatm) than those calculated from AT and pH or CT and pH. This study presents and discusses these discrepancies as well as likely consequences for the ocean acidification community. Until this problem is solved, one has to consider that calculated parameters of the carbonate system (e.g. pCO2, calcite saturation state) may not be comparable between studies, and that this may have important implications for the interpretation of CO2 perturbation experiments.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of carbonate chemistry measurements on a cruise in northwestern European shelf seas

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 2793-2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ribas-Ribas ◽  
V. M. C. Rérolle ◽  
D. C. E. Bakker ◽  
V. Kitidis ◽  
G. A. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
European Shelf ◽  
Shelf Seas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Four carbonate system variables were measured in surface waters during a cruise traversing northwestern European shelf seas in the summer of 2011. High resolution surface water data were collected for partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2; using two independent instruments) and pHT, in addition to discrete measurements of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon. We thus overdetermined the carbonate system (four measured variables, two degrees of freedom) which allowed us to evaluate the level of agreement between the variables. Calculations of carbonate system variables from other measurements generally compared well (Pearson's correlation coefficient always &amp;geq; 0.94; mean residuals similar to the respective uncertainties of the calculations) with direct observations of the same variables. We therefore conclude that the four independent datasets of carbonate chemistry variables were all of high quality, and as a result that this dataset is suitable to be used for the evaluation of ocean acidification impacts and for carbon cycle studies. A diurnal cycle with maximum amplitude of 41 μatm was observed in the difference between the pCO2; values obtained by the two independent analytical pCO2; systems, and this was partly attributed to irregular seawater flows to the equilibrator and partly to biological activity inside the seawater supply and one of the equilibrators. We discuss how these issues can be addressed to improve carbonate chemistry data quality on research cruises.

scholarly journals CO<sub>2</sub> perturbation experiments: similarities and differences between dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity manipulations

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 2145-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Schulz ◽  
J. Barcelos e Ramos ◽  
R. E. Zeebe ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Basic Approaches

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through human activities and invasion of anthropogenic CO2 into the surface ocean alters the seawater carbonate chemistry, increasing CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3−) at the expense of carbonate ion (CO32−) concentrations. This redistribution in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool decreases pH and carbonate saturation state (Ω). Several components of the carbonate system are considered potential key variables influencing for instance calcium carbonate precipitation in marine calcifiers such as coccolithophores, foraminifera, corals, mollusks and echinoderms. Unravelling the sensitivities of marine organisms and ecosystems to CO2 induced ocean acidification (OA) requires well-controlled experimental setups and accurate carbonate system manipulations. Here we describe and analyse the chemical changes involved in the two basic approaches for carbonate chemistry manipulation, i.e. changing DIC at constant total alkalinity (TA) and changing TA at constant DIC. Furthermore, we briefly introduce several methods to experimentally manipulate DIC and TA. Finally, we examine responses obtained with both approaches using published results for the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. We conclude that under most experimental conditions in the context of ocean acidification DIC and TA manipulations yield similar changes in all parameters of the carbonate system, which implies direct comparability of data obtained with the two basic approaches for CO2 perturbation.

scholarly journals Implications of observed inconsistencies in carbonate chemistry measurements for ocean acidification studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2401-2405 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. M. Hoppe ◽  
G. Langer ◽  
S. D. Rokitta ◽  
D. A. Wolf-Gladrow ◽  
B. Rost
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Calcite Saturation

Abstract. The growing field of ocean acidification research is concerned with the investigation of organism responses to increasing pCO2 values. One important approach in this context is culture work using seawater with adjusted CO2 levels. As aqueous pCO2 is difficult to measure directly in small-scale experiments, it is generally calculated from two other measured parameters of the carbonate system (often AT, CT or pH). Unfortunately, the overall uncertainties of measured and subsequently calculated values are often unknown. Especially under high pCO2, this can become a severe problem with respect to the interpretation of physiological and ecological data. In the few datasets from ocean acidification research where all three of these parameters were measured, pCO2 values calculated from AT and CT are typically about 30% lower (i.e. ~300 μatm at a target pCO2 of 1000 μatm) than those calculated from AT and pH or CT and pH. This study presents and discusses these discrepancies as well as likely consequences for the ocean acidification community. Until this problem is solved, one has to consider that calculated parameters of the carbonate system (e.g. pCO2, calcite saturation state) may not be comparable between studies, and that this may have important implications for the interpretation of CO2 perturbation experiments.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of carbonate chemistry measurements on a cruise in northwestern European shelf seas

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4339-4355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ribas-Ribas ◽  
V. M. C. Rérolle ◽  
D. C. E. Bakker ◽  
V. Kitidis ◽  
G. A. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
European Shelf ◽  
Shelf Seas ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Four carbonate system variables were measured in surface waters during a cruise aimed at investigating ocean acidification impacts traversing northwestern European shelf seas in the summer of 2011. High-resolution surface water data were collected for partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2; using two independent instruments) and pH using the total pH scale (pHT), in addition to discrete measurements of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon. We thus overdetermined the carbonate system (four measured variables, two degrees of freedom), which allowed us to evaluate the level of agreement between the variables on a cruise whose main aim was not intercomparison, and thus where conditions were more representative of normal working conditions. Calculations of carbonate system variables from other measurements generally compared well with direct observations of the same variables (Pearson's correlation coefficient always greater than or equal to 0.94; mean residuals were similar to the respective accuracies of the measurements). We therefore conclude that four of the independent data sets of carbonate chemistry variables were of high quality. A diurnal cycle with a maximum amplitude of 41 μatm was observed in the difference between the pCO2 values obtained by the two independent analytical pCO2 systems, and this was partly attributed to irregular seawater flows to the equilibrator and partly to biological activity inside the seawater supply and one of the equilibrators. We discuss how these issues can be addressed to improve carbonate chemistry data quality on future research cruises.

scholarly journals Reconsidering the role of carbonate ion concentration in calcification by marine organisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 4939-4951 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Bach
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
High Proton ◽  
System Equations ◽  
Substrate Inhibitor ◽  
Seawater Concentration

Abstract. Marine organisms precipitate 0.5–2.0 Gt of carbon as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) every year with a profound impact on global biogeochemical element cycles. Biotic calcification relies on calcium ions (Ca2+) and usually on bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) as CaCO3 substrates and can be inhibited by high proton (H+) concentrations. The seawater concentration of carbonate ions (CO32−) and the CO32−-dependent CaCO3 saturation state (ΩCaCO3) seem to be irrelevant in this production process. Nevertheless, calcification rates and the success of calcifying organisms in the oceans often correlate surprisingly well with these two carbonate system parameters. This study addresses this dilemma through the rearrangement of carbonate system equations which revealed an important proportionality between [CO32−] or ΩCaCO3and the ratio of [HCO3−] to [H+]. Due to this proportionality, calcification rates will always correlate as well with [HCO3−] / [H+] as they do with [CO32−] or ΩCaCO3 when temperature, salinity, and pressure are constant. Hence, [CO32−] and ΩCaCO3 may simply be very good proxies for the control by [HCO3−] / [H+], where [HCO3−] serves as the inorganic carbon substrate and [H+] functions as a calcification inhibitor. If the "substrate–inhibitor ratio" (i.e., [HCO3−] / [H+]) rather than [CO32−] or ΩCaCO3 controls biotic CaCO3 formation, then some of the most common paradigms in ocean acidification research need to be reviewed. For example, the absence of a latitudinal gradient in [HCO3−] / [H+] in contrast to [CO32−] and ΩCaCO3 could modify the common assumption that high latitudes are affected most severely by ocean acidification.

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